Babbage problem: Difference between revisions
Line 387:
Establece que se trabajará con números sin decimales:
"decimales(0)" (A)
La variable que tendrá el número cuyo cuadrado finaliza
con los dígitos 269696. Se inicializa con valor 0:
"número" (B)
La variable que controlará 11 iteraciones del proceso
Line 398:
llegar a 0, de acuerdo a lo descrito en 1.4, 1.5 y 1.6:
"i" (B)
Esto permitirá encontrar 11 números que cumplan
|
Revision as of 03:41, 15 October 2023
![Task](http://static.miraheze.org/rosettacodewiki/thumb/b/ba/Rcode-button-task-crushed.png/64px-Rcode-button-task-crushed.png)
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
![Charles Babbage](http://static.miraheze.org/rosettacodewiki/7/7b/Babbage.jpg)
![Charles Babbage's analytical engine.](http://static.miraheze.org/rosettacodewiki/6/64/Babbage_engine.jpg)
Charles Babbage, looking ahead to the sorts of problems his Analytical Engine would be able to solve, gave this example:
He thought the answer might be 99,736, whose square is 9,947,269,696; but he couldn't be certain.
- Task
The task is to find out if Babbage had the right answer — and to do so, as far as your language allows it, in code that Babbage himself would have been able to read and understand. As Babbage evidently solved the task with pencil and paper, a similar efficient solution is preferred.
For these purposes, Charles Babbage may be taken to be an intelligent person, familiar with mathematics and with the idea of a computer; he has written the first drafts of simple computer programmes in tabular form. [Babbage Archive Series L].
- Motivation
The aim of the task is to write a program that is sufficiently clear and well-documented for such a person to be able to read it and be confident that it does indeed solve the specified problem.
11l
V n = 1
L n ^ 2 % 1000000 != 269696
n++
print(n)
360 Assembly
An assembler program always seems a bit tricky for non system engineer because it deals directly with the operating system and with the hardware instructions. Here we have a 32-bit computer with 16 32-bit registers. The caller (the operating system to keep it simple) is calling you giving your location address stored in register-15 and has stored in register-14 his return address. To save each program context, register-13 points to a 18 word save area. Do not spend time in understanding the context saving and restoring in the prologue and epilogue part of the program. What you have to know, “360” architecture uses 32-bit signed binary arithmetic, so here the maximum integer value is 2^31-1 (2147483647). Therefore the solution must be less than 2147483647. The multiplication and the division use a pair of registers; coding “MR 4,2” means multiply register-5 by register-2 and place result in the (register-4,register-5) pair; the same way “DR 4,2” means divide the (register-4,register-5) pair by register-2 and place the quotient in register-5 and the reminder in register-4. We use in the below program this intermediate 64-bit integers to find a solution with a value up to 2^31-1 even when we have to compute the square of this value.
* Find the lowest positive integer whose square ends in 269696
* The logic of the assembler program is simple :
* loop for i=524 step 2
* if (i*i modulo 1000000)=269696 then leave loop
* next i
* output 'Solution is: i=' i ' (i*i=' i*i ')'
BABBAGE CSECT beginning of the control section
USING BABBAGE,13 define the base register
B 72(15) skip savearea (72=18*4)
DC 17F'0' savearea (18 full words (17+1))
STM 14,12,12(13) prolog: save the caller registers
ST 13,4(15) prolog: link backwards
ST 15,8(13) prolog: link forwards
LR 13,15 prolog: establish addressability
LA 6,524 let register6 be i and load 524
LOOP LR 5,6 load register5 with i
MR 4,6 multiply register5 with i
LR 7,5 load register7 with the result i*i
D 4,=F'1000000' divide register5 with 1000000
C 4,=F'269696' compare the reminder with 269696
BE ENDLOOP if equal branch to ENDLOOP
LA 6,2(6) load register6 (i) with value i+2
B LOOP branch to LOOP
ENDLOOP XDECO 6,BUFFER+15 edit registrer6 (i)
XDECO 7,BUFFER+34 edit registrer7 (i squared)
XPRNT BUFFER,L'BUFFER print buffer
L 13,4(0,13) epilog: restore the caller savearea
LM 14,12,12(13) epilog: restore the caller registers
XR 15,15 epilog: set return code to 0
BR 14 epilog: branch to caller
BUFFER DC CL80'Solution is: i=............ (i*i=............)'
END BABBAGE end of the control section
- Output:
Solution is: i= 25264 (i*i= 638269696)
AArch64 Assembly
/* ARM assembly AARCH64 Raspberry PI 3B */
/* program babbage64.s */
/************************************/
/* Constantes */
/************************************/
/* for this file see task include a file in language AArch64 assembly*/
.include "../includeConstantesARM64.inc"
/*********************************/
/* Initialized data */
/*********************************/
.data
szMessResult: .asciz "Result = "
szMessStart: .asciz "Program 64 bits start.\n"
szCarriageReturn: .asciz "\n"
/*********************************/
/* UnInitialized data */
/*********************************/
.bss
sZoneConv: .skip 24 // conversion buffer
/*********************************/
/* code section */
/*********************************/
.text
.global main
main: // entry of program
ldr x0,qAdrszMessStart
bl affichageMess
ldr x4,qNbStart // start number = 269696
mov x5,#0 // counter multiply
ldr x2,qNbMult // value multiply = 1 000 000
mov x6,x4
1:
mov x0,x6
bl squareRoot // compute square root
mul x1,x0,x0 // compute square
umulh x3,x0,x0
cmp x3,#0 // overflow ?
bne 100f // yes -> end
cmp x1,x6 // perfect square
bne 2f // no -> loop
ldr x1,qAdrsZoneConv
bl conversion10
mov x0,#3 // string number to display
ldr x1,qAdrszMessResult
ldr x2,qAdrsZoneConv // insert conversion in message
ldr x3,qAdrszCarriageReturn
bl displayStrings // display message
b 100f // end
2:
add x5,x5,#1 // increment counter
mul x3,x5,x2 // multiply by 1 000 000
add x6,x3,x4 // add start number
b 1b
100: // standard end of the program
mov x0, #0 // return code
mov x8,EXIT
svc #0 // perform the system call
qAdrszCarriageReturn: .quad szCarriageReturn
qNbStart: .quad 269696
qNbMult: .quad 1000000
qAdrsZoneConv: .quad sZoneConv
qAdrszMessResult: .quad szMessResult
qAdrszMessStart: .quad szMessStart
/***************************************************/
/* Compute integer square root by Héron méthode */
/***************************************************/
/* r0 number */
/* r0 return root */
squareRoot:
stp x1,lr,[sp,-16]! // save registres
stp x2,x3,[sp,-16]! // save registres
cmp x0,#0 //
beq 100f
cmp x0,#4 // if < 4 return 1
mov x1,1
csel x0,x1,x0,lo
blo 100f
lsr x1,x0,#1 // division by 2 -> divisor
1:
mov x3,x1 // save previous result
udiv x2,x0,x1 // divide number by previous result
add x1,x1,x2 // add quotient to previous result
lsr x1,x1,#1 // division by 2
cmp x1,x3 // compare result and previous result
blo 1b // loop if result is smaller then previous result
mov x0,x3 // else return previous result
100:
ldp x2,x3,[sp],16 // restaur registres
ldp x1,lr,[sp],16 // restaur registres
ret
/***************************************************/
/* display multi strings */
/* new version 24/05/2023 */
/***************************************************/
/* x0 contains number strings address */
/* x1 address string1 */
/* x2 address string2 */
/* x3 address string3 */
/* x4 address string4 */
/* x5 address string5 */
/* x6 address string5 */
/* x7 address string6 */
displayStrings: // INFO: displayStrings
stp x8,lr,[sp,-16]! // save registers
stp x2,fp,[sp,-16]! // save registers
add fp,sp,#32 // save paraméters address (4 registers saved * 8 bytes)
mov x8,x0 // save strings number
cmp x8,#0 // 0 string -> end
ble 100f
mov x0,x1 // string 1
bl affichageMess
cmp x8,#1 // number > 1
ble 100f
mov x0,x2
bl affichageMess
cmp x8,#2
ble 100f
mov x0,x3
bl affichageMess
cmp x8,#3
ble 100f
mov x0,x4
bl affichageMess
cmp x8,#4
ble 100f
mov x0,x5
bl affichageMess
cmp x8,#5
ble 100f
mov x0,x6
bl affichageMess
cmp x8,#6
ble 100f
mov x0,x7
bl affichageMess
100:
ldp x2,fp,[sp],16 // restaur registers
ldp x8,lr,[sp],16 // restaur registers
ret
/***************************************************/
/* ROUTINES INCLUDE */
/***************************************************/
/* for this file see task include a file in language AArch64 assembly*/
.include "../includeARM64.inc"
- Output:
Program 64 bits start. Result = 25264
Ada
-- The program is written in the programming language Ada. The name "Ada"
-- has been chosen in honour of your friend,
-- Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron).
--
-- This is an program to search for the smallest integer X, such that
-- (X*X) mod 1_000_000 = 269_696.
--
-- In the Ada language, "*" represents the multiplication symbol, "mod" the
-- modulo reduction, and the underscore "_" after every third digit in
-- literals is supposed to simplify reading numbers for humans.
-- Everything written after "--" in a line is a comment for the human,
-- and will be ignored by the computer.
with Ada.Text_IO;
-- We need this to tell the computer how it will later output its result.
procedure Babbage_Problem is
-- We know that 99_736*99_736 is 9_947_269_696. This implies:
-- 1. The smallest X with X*X mod 1_000_000 = 269_696 is at most 99_736.
-- 2. The largest square X*X, which the program may have to deal with,
-- will be at most 9_947_269_69.
type Number is range 1 .. 99_736*99_736;
X: Number := 1;
-- X can store numbers between 1 and 99_736*99_736. Computations
-- involving X can handle intermediate results in that range.
-- Initially the value stored at X is 1.
-- When running the program, the value will become 2, 3, 4, etc.
begin
-- The program starts running.
-- The computer first squares X, then it truncates the square, such
-- that the result is a six-digit number.
-- Finally, the computer checks if this number is 269_696.
while not (((X*X) mod 1_000_000) = 269_696) loop
-- When the computer goes here, the number was not 269_696.
X := X+1;
-- So we replace X by X+1, and then go back and try again.
end loop;
-- When the computer eventually goes here, the number is 269_696.
-- E.e., the value stored at X is the value we are searching for.
-- We still have to print out this value.
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line(Number'Image(X));
-- Number'Image(X) converts the value stored at X into a string of
-- printable characters (more specifically, of digits).
-- Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line(...) prints this string, for humans to read.
-- I did already run the program, and it did print out 25264.
end Babbage_Problem;
Aime
integer i;
i = sqrt(269696);
while (i * i % 1000000 != 269696) {
i += 1;
}
o_(i, "\n");
ALGOL 68
As with other samples, we use "simple" forms such as "a := a + 1" instead of "a +:= 1".
COMMENT text between pairs of words 'comment' in capitals are
for the human reader's information and are ignored by the machine
COMMENT
COMMENT Define s to be the integer value 269 696 COMMENT
INT s = 269 696;
COMMENT Name a location in the machine's storage area that will be
used to hold integer values.
The value stored in the location will change during the
calculations.
Note, "*" is used to represent the multiplication operator.
":=" causes the location named to the left of ":=" to
assume the value computed by the expression to the right.
"sqrt" computes an approximation to the square root
of the supplied parameter
"MOD" is an operator that computes the modulus of its
left operand with respect to its right operand
"ENTIER" is a unary operator that yields the largest
integer that is at most its operand.
COMMENT
INT v := ENTIER sqrt( s );
COMMENT the construct: WHILE...DO...OD repeatedly executes the
instructions between DO and OD, the execution stops when
the instructions between WHILE and DO yield the value FALSE.
COMMENT
WHILE ( v * v ) MOD 1 000 000 /= s DO v := v + 1 OD;
COMMENT print displays the values of its parameters
COMMENT
print( ( v, " when squared is: ", v * v, newline ) )
- Output:
+25264 when squared is: +638269696
Amazing Hopper
#include <basico.h>
algoritmo
decimales '0'
número = 0, i=10
ciclo:
iterar grupo( número+=2, \
#( (número^2) % 1000000 != 269696 ), ; )
imprimir ("The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: ",\
número,\
"\nIt's square is: ", #(número ^ 2), NL )
i--, jnz(ciclo)
terminar
- Output:
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 25264 It's square is: 638269696 The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 99736 It's square is: 9947269696 The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 150264 It's square is: 22579269696 The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 224736 It's square is: 50506269696 The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 275264 It's square is: 75770269696 The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 349736 It's square is: 122315269696 The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 400264 It's square is: 160211269696 The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 474736 It's square is: 225374269696 The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 525264 It's square is: 275902269696 The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 599736 It's square is: 359683269696 The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 650264 It's square is: 422843269696
Comentarios "in spanish":
Documentación: Establece que se trabajará con números sin decimales: "decimales(0)" (A) La variable que tendrá el número cuyo cuadrado finaliza con los dígitos 269696. Se inicializa con valor 0: "número" (B) La variable que controlará 11 iteraciones del proceso principal. Se inicializa con 10, y se decrementará hasta llegar a 0, de acuerdo a lo descrito en 1.4, 1.5 y 1.6: "i" (B) Esto permitirá encontrar 11 números que cumplan con lo buscado.
Establece una etiqueta de salto, donde la ejecución del programa saltará si se cumple una condición, que será explicada en 1.4 y 1.5:
"CICLO:" (1.1)
Una macro que iterará el proceso principal donde por cada incremento de "número" evaluará si los últimos dígitos del cuadrado de "número" son los dígitos buscados por el señor Babbage:
"iterar grupo" (1.2)
Explicación del proceso descrito en 1.2:
número+=2 (1.2.1) : incrementará el valor de la variable "número" de 2 en 2. número^2 (1.2.2) : cuadrado de "número". % : resto módulo, resto de la división. 1000000 : esto permite obtener el resto de la división de tamaño 6 dígitos. Si el resultado de "(número^2)%1000000" es igual a 269696, entonces, "número" es el número buscado.
Una macro que dispondrá los mensajes y los resultados de 1.2.1 y 1.2.2, los que serán mostrados en pantalla:
"IMPRIMIR" (1.3)
Dispone el valor de la variable "i" para ser evaluada por "JNZ", y luego la decrementará en 1:
"i--" (1.4)
Evalúa: si la variable no es cero, entonces saltará a la posición del programa señalada en 1.1;
"JNZ(CICLO)" (1.5)
de lo contrario, si "i" es cero, entonces continuará con el resto del programa, que será "terminar" la ejecución del algoritmo:
"TERMINAR" (1.6)
Comentarios:
JNZ significa Jump if Non-Zero.
APL
⍳
If at all possible, I would sit down at a terminal with Babbage and invite him to experiment with the various functions used in the program.
⍝ We know that 99,736 is a valid answer, so we only need to test the positive integers from 1 up to there:
N←⍳99736
⍝ The SQUARE OF omega is omega times omega:
SQUAREOF←{⍵×⍵}
⍝ To say that alpha ENDS IN the six-digit number omega means that alpha divided by 1,000,000 leaves remainder omega:
ENDSIN←{(1000000|⍺)=⍵}
⍝ The SMALLEST number WHERE some condition is met is found by taking the first number from a list of attempts, after rearranging the list so that numbers satisfying the condition come before those that fail to satisfy it:
SMALLESTWHERE←{1↑⍒⍵}
⍝ We can now ask the computer for the answer:
SMALLESTWHERE (SQUAREOF N) ENDSIN 269696
- Output:
25264
⍣
⍝ s = 520 + 2 ... + 2 ⍣ <= power
⍝ s × s = n × 1000000 + 269696 | <= remainder
2+⍣{269696=1000000|⍺×⍺}520
- Output:
25264
Documentation
Answer: n △ │ Yes│ │ ┌── remainder = 269696 ? ──┤ │ │ │ Power No│ │ (⍣) │ │ ▽ n ← n + 2 ◁─────────────────── n ← 520 Flow Created with Monodraw
AppleScript
Functional
AppleScript's number types are at their limits here, but we can just get to the first Babbage number, after 638 integer root tests on suffixed numbers:
------------------------- BABBAGE ------------------------
-- babbage :: Int -> [Int]
on babbage(intTests)
script test
on toSquare(x)
(1000000 * x) + 269696
end toSquare
on |λ|(x)
hasIntRoot(toSquare(x))
end |λ|
end script
script toRoot
on |λ|(x)
((1000000 * x) + 269696) ^ (1 / 2)
end |λ|
end script
set xs to filter(test, enumFromTo(1, intTests))
zip(map(toRoot, xs), map(test's toSquare, xs))
end babbage
--------------------------- TEST -------------------------
on run
-- Try 1000 candidates
unlines(map(intercalate(" -> "), babbage(1000)))
--> "2.5264E+4 -> 6.38269696E+8"
end run
-------------------- GENERIC FUNCTIONS -------------------
-- enumFromTo :: Int -> Int -> [Int]
on enumFromTo(m, n)
if m > n then
set d to -1
else
set d to 1
end if
set lst to {}
repeat with i from m to n by d
set end of lst to i
end repeat
return lst
end enumFromTo
-- filter :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
on filter(f, xs)
tell mReturn(f)
set lst to {}
set lng to length of xs
repeat with i from 1 to lng
set v to item i of xs
if |λ|(v, i, xs) then set end of lst to v
end repeat
return lst
end tell
end filter
-- hasIntRoot :: Int -> Bool
on hasIntRoot(n)
set r to n ^ 0.5
r = (r as integer)
end hasIntRoot
-- intercalate :: String -> [String] -> String
on intercalate(sep)
script
on |λ|(xs)
set {dlm, my text item delimiters} to ¬
{my text item delimiters, sep}
set s to xs as text
set my text item delimiters to dlm
s
end |λ|
end script
end intercalate
-- map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
on map(f, xs)
-- The list obtained by applying f
-- to each element of xs.
tell mReturn(f)
set lng to length of xs
set lst to {}
repeat with i from 1 to lng
set end of lst to |λ|(item i of xs, i, xs)
end repeat
return lst
end tell
end map
-- min :: Ord a => a -> a -> a
on min(x, y)
if y < x then
y
else
x
end if
end min
-- Lift 2nd class handler function into 1st class script wrapper
-- mReturn :: Handler -> Script
on mReturn(f)
if class of f is script then
f
else
script
property |λ| : f
end script
end if
end mReturn
-- unlines :: [String] -> String
on unlines(xs)
-- A single string formed by the intercalation
-- of a list of strings with the newline character.
set {dlm, my text item delimiters} to ¬
{my text item delimiters, linefeed}
set s to xs as text
set my text item delimiters to dlm
s
end unlines
-- zip :: [a] -> [b] -> [(a, b)]
on zip(xs, ys)
set lng to min(length of xs, length of ys)
set lst to {}
repeat with i from 1 to lng
set end of lst to {item i of xs, item i of ys}
end repeat
return lst
end zip
- Output:
2.5264E+4 -> 6.38269696E+8
Simple
As far as I can make out, this follows the same approach as above. For some curious technical reason, although the maximum positive value for an AppleScript integer object is 536870911, on my current system, the script returns 'testNumber' values much higher than that as integers too!
on babbage(endDigits)
-- Set up an incrementor to the amount in front of the given end digits.
if (endDigits's class is text) then
set increment to 10 ^ (count endDigits) div 1
else
set increment to 10
repeat until (increment > endDigits)
set increment to increment * 10
end repeat
end if
-- I postulate that if no square ending with the given digits is found with less than
-- twice that many digits, then no such square exists; but I can't be certain. :)
set limit to increment * (increment div 10)
-- In any case, AppleScript's precision limit is 1.0E+15.
if (limit > 1.0E+15) then return missing value
-- Test successive values ending with the digits until one is found
-- to have an integer square root or the limit is exceeded.
set testNumber to endDigits div 1
set squareRoot to testNumber ^ 0.5
repeat until ((squareRoot mod 1 = 0) or (testNumber > limit))
set testNumber to testNumber + increment
set squareRoot to testNumber ^ 0.5
end repeat
if (testNumber > limit) then return missing value -- No such square.
return {squareRoot as integer, testNumber} -- {integer, square ending with the digits}
end babbage
return {babbage(269696), babbage("00609")}
- Output:
{{25264, 638269696}, {3647, 13300609}}
ARM Assembly
/* ARM assembly Raspberry PI */
/* program babbage.s */
/************************************/
/* Constantes */
/************************************/
.equ STDOUT, 1 @ Linux output console
.equ EXIT, 1 @ Linux syscall
.equ WRITE, 4 @ Linux syscall
/*********************************/
/* Initialized data */
/*********************************/
.data
sMessResult: .ascii "Result = "
sMessValeur: .fill 11, 1, ' ' @ size => 11
szCarriageReturn: .asciz "\n"
/*********************************/
/* UnInitialized data */
/*********************************/
.bss
/*********************************/
/* code section */
/*********************************/
.text
.global main
main: @ entry of program
ldr r4,iNbStart @ start number = 269696
mov r5,#0 @ counter multiply
ldr r2,iNbMult @ value multiply = 1 000 000
mov r6,r4
1:
mov r0,r6
bl squareRoot @ compute square root
umull r1,r3,r0,r0
cmp r3,#0 @ overflow ?
bne 100f @ yes -> end
cmp r1,r6 @ perfect square
bne 2f @ no -> loop
ldr r1,iAdrsMessValeur
bl conversion10 @ call conversion decimal
ldr r0,iAdrsMessResult
bl affichageMess @ display message
b 100f @ end
2:
add r5,#1 @ increment counter
mul r3,r5,r2 @ multiply by 1 000 000
add r6,r3,r4 @ add start number
b 1b
100: @ standard end of the program
mov r0, #0 @ return code
mov r7, #EXIT @ request to exit program
svc #0 @ perform the system call
iAdrsMessValeur: .int sMessValeur
iAdrszCarriageReturn: .int szCarriageReturn
iAdrsMessResult: .int sMessResult
iNbStart: .int 269696
iNbMult: .int 1000000
/******************************************************************/
/* compute squareRoot */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains n */
/* r0 return result or -1 */
squareRoot:
push {r1-r5,lr} @ save registers
cmp r0,#0
beq 100f @ if zero -> end
movlt r0,#-1 @ if negatif return - 1
blt 100f
cmp r0,#4 @ if < 4 return 1
movlt r0,#1
blt 100f
@ start
clz r2,r0 @ number of zeros on the left
rsb r2,#32 @ so many useful numbers right
bic r2,#1 @ to have an even number of digits
mov r3,#0b11 @ mask for extract 2 bits
lsl r3,r2
mov r1,#0 @ init résult with 0
mov r4,#0 @ raz remainder area
1: @ begin loop
and r5,r0,r3 @ extract 2 bits with mask
add r4,r5,lsr r2 @ shift right and addition with remainder
lsl r5,r1,#1 @ multiplication by 2
lsl r5,#1 @ shift left one bit
orr r5,#1 @ bit right = 1
lsl r1,#1 @ shift left one bit
subs r4,r5 @ sub remainder
addmi r4,r4,r5 @ if negative restaur register
addpl r1,#1 @ else add 1
subs r2,#2 @ decrement number bits
movmi r0,r1 @ if end return result
bmi 100f
lsl r4,#2 @ no -> shift left remainder 2 bits
lsr r3,#2 @ and shift right mask 2 bits
b 1b @ and loop
100:
pop {r1-r5,lr} @ restaur registers
bx lr @return
/******************************************************************/
/* display text with size calculation */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the message */
affichageMess:
push {r0,r1,r2,r7,lr} @ save registres
mov r2,#0 @ counter length
1: @ loop length calculation
ldrb r1,[r0,r2] @ read octet start position + index
cmp r1,#0 @ if 0 its over
addne r2,r2,#1 @ else add 1 in the length
bne 1b @ and loop
@ so here r2 contains the length of the message
mov r1,r0 @ address message in r1
mov r0,#STDOUT @ code to write to the standard output Linux
mov r7, #WRITE @ code call system "write"
svc #0 @ call systeme
pop {r0,r1,r2,r7,lr} @ restaur des 2 registres */
bx lr @ return
/******************************************************************/
/* Converting a register to a decimal unsigned */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains value and r1 address area */
/* r0 return size of result (no zero final in area) */
/* area size => 11 bytes */
.equ LGZONECAL, 10
conversion10:
push {r1-r4,lr} @ save registers
mov r3,r1
mov r2,#LGZONECAL
1: @ start loop
bl divisionpar10U @ unsigned r0 <- dividende. quotient ->r0 reste -> r1
add r1,#48 @ digit
strb r1,[r3,r2] @ store digit on area
cmp r0,#0 @ stop if quotient = 0
subne r2,#1 @ else previous position
bne 1b @ and loop
@ and move digit from left of area
mov r4,#0
2:
ldrb r1,[r3,r2]
strb r1,[r3,r4]
add r2,#1
add r4,#1
cmp r2,#LGZONECAL
ble 2b
@ and move spaces in end on area
mov r0,r4 @ result length
mov r1,#' ' @ space
3:
strb r1,[r3,r4] @ store space in area
add r4,#1 @ next position
cmp r4,#LGZONECAL
ble 3b @ loop if r4 <= area size
100:
pop {r1-r4,lr} @ restaur registres
bx lr @return
/***************************************************/
/* division par 10 unsigned */
/***************************************************/
/* r0 dividende */
/* r0 quotient */
/* r1 remainder */
divisionpar10U:
push {r2,r3,r4, lr}
mov r4,r0 @ save value
ldr r3,iMagicNumber @ r3 <- magic_number raspberry 1 2
umull r1, r2, r3, r0 @ r1<- Lower32Bits(r1*r0) r2<- Upper32Bits(r1*r0)
mov r0, r2, LSR #3 @ r2 <- r2 >> shift 3
add r2,r0,r0, lsl #2 @ r2 <- r0 * 5
sub r1,r4,r2, lsl #1 @ r1 <- r4 - (r2 * 2) = r4 - (r0 * 10)
pop {r2,r3,r4,lr}
bx lr @ leave function
iMagicNumber: .int 0xCCCCCCCD
- Output:
Result = 25264
Arturo
n: new 0
while [269696 <> (n^2) % 1000000]
-> inc 'n
print n
- Output:
25264
Asymptote
int n = 519;
while (269696 != (n^2) % 1000000) {
++n;
}
write("The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: ", n);
write("It's square is ", n*n);
- Output:
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is 25264 Its square is 638269696
AutoHotkey
; Give n an initial value
n = 519
; Loop this action while condition is not satisfied
while (Mod(n*n, 1000000) != 269696) {
; Increment n
n++
}
; Display n as value
msgbox, %n%
- Output:
25264
AWK
# A comment starts with a "#" and are ignored by the machine. They can be on a
# line by themselves or at the end of an executable line.
#
# A program consists of multiple lines or statements. This program tests
# positive integers starting at 1 and terminates when one is found whose square
# ends in 269696.
#
# The next line shows how to run the program.
# syntax: GAWK -f BABBAGE_PROBLEM.AWK
#
BEGIN { # start of program
# this declares a variable named "n" and assigns it a value of zero
n = 0
# do what's inside the "{}" until n times n ends in 269696
do {
n = n + 1 # add 1 to n
} while (n*n !~ /269696$/)
# print the answer
print("The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is " n)
print("Its square is " n*n)
# terminate program
exit(0)
} # end of program
Output:
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is 25264 Its square is 638269696
BASIC
Applesoft BASIC
This is an implementation based on the alternative solution for the BBC BASIC. We know that 269696 is not a perfect square, so we can safely start with N=1269696 and add 1000000 each time N is not a perfect square. The ST function returns the remainder of the difference between N and the square of the integer part of the root (R). There are a couple of quirks in AppleSoft BASIC, the largest integer is 32767, but the largest number not displayed on scientific notation is 999999999, which explains the strange IF statement in line 170
.
100 :
110 REM BABBAGE PROBLEM
120 :
130 DEF FN ST(A) = N - INT (A) * INT (A)
140 N = 269696
150 N = N + 1000000
160 R = SQR (N)
170 IF FN ST(R) < > 0 AND N < 999999999 THEN GOTO 150
180 IF N > 999999999 THEN GOTO 210
190 PRINT "SMALLESt NUMBER WHOSE
SQUARE ENDS IN"; CHR$ (13);
"269696 IS ";R;", AND THE
SQUARE IS"; CHR$ (13);N
200 END
210 PRINT "THERE IS NO SOLUTION
FOR VALUES SMALLER"; CHR$(13);
"THAN 999999999."
- Output:
]RUN SMALLEST NUMBER WHOSE SQUARE ENDS IN 269696 IS 25264, AND THE SQUARE IS 638269696
Commodore BASIC
Based on the C language implementation
10 rem This code is an implementation of Babbage Problem
20 num = 100 : rem We can safely start at 100
30 s = num*num
40 r = s - int(s/1000000)*1000000 : rem remainder when divided by 1,000,000
50 if r = 269696 then goto 100 : rem compare with 269,696
60 print "n="num"sq="s"rem="r
70 num = num+1
80 goto 30
90 rem Print out the result
100 print:print "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is:"
110 print num;"....";num;"squared = ";s
120 end
BASIC256
#This code is an implementation of Babbage Problem
number = 2
DO
number += 2
UNTIL ((number^2) % 1000000) = 269696
PRINT "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: "; number
PRINT "It's square is "; number*number
BBC BASIC
Clarity has been preferred over all other considerations. The line LET n = n + 1, for instance, would more naturally be written n% += 1, using an integer variable and a less verbose assignment syntax; but this optimization did not seem to justify the additional explanations Professor Babbage would probably need to understand it.
REM Statements beginning 'REM' are explanatory remarks: the machine will ignore them.
REM We shall test positive integers from 1 upwards until we find one whose square ends in 269,696.
REM A number that ends in 269,696 is one that leaves a remainder of 269,696 when divided by a million.
REM So we are looking for a value of n that satisfies the condition 'n squared modulo 1,000,000 = 269,696', or 'n^2 MOD 1000000 = 269696' in the notation that the machine can accept.
LET n = 0
REPEAT
LET n = n + 1
UNTIL n^2 MOD 1000000 = 269696
PRINT "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is" n
PRINT "Its square is" n^2
- Output:
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is 25264 Its square is 638269696
Alternative method
The algorithm given in the alternative PowerShell implementation may be substantially more efficient, depending on how long SQR takes, and I think could well be more comprehensible to Babbage.
REM Lines that begin 'REM' are explanatory remarks addressed to the human reader.
REM The machine will ignore them.
LET n = 269696
REPEAT
LET n = n + 1000000
REM Find the next number that ends in 269,696.
REM The function SQR finds the square root.
LET root = SQR n
REM The function INT truncates a real number to an integer.
UNTIL root = INT root
REM If the square root is equal to its integer truncation, then it is an integer: so we have found our answer.
PRINT "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is" root
PRINT "Its square is" n
- Output:
Identical to the first BBC BASIC version.
Chipmunk Basic
10 cls
20 number = 2
30 while ((number^2) mod 1000000) <> 269696
40 number = number+2
50 wend
60 print "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: " number
70 print "It's square is " number*number
80 end
GW-BASIC
10 CLS
20 DEF FN ST(A#) = N# - INT (A#) * INT (A#)
30 N# = 269696!
40 N# = N# + 1000000!
50 R# = SQR(N#)
60 IF FN ST(R#) <> 0 AND N# < 999999999# THEN GOTO 40
70 IF N# > 999999999# THEN GOTO 110
80 PRINT "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is:";R#
90 PRINT "It's square is:";N#
100 END
110 PRINT "There is no solution for values smaller than 999999999."
- Output:
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 25264 It's square is: 638269696
MSX Basic
The GW-BASIC solution works without any changes.
QBasic
number = 524
DO
NUMBER = number + 2
LOOP UNTIL ((number ^ 2) MOD 1000000) = 269696
PRINT "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: "; number
PRINT "It's square is "; number ^ 2
END
True BASIC
LET number = 2
DO
LET number = number + 2
LOOP UNTIL REMAINDER((number ^ 2), 1000000) = 269696
PRINT "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: "; number
PRINT "It's square is "; number ^ 2
END
uBasic/4tH
n = 524 ' first number to try
Do
' square the number
' look at the last 6 digits, if they match print the number
Until (n*n) % 1000000 = 269696
' increase the number with 2, number end on a 6
n = n + 2
Until n = 99736
' if the number = 99736 then we haved found a smaller number, so stop
' look at the last 6 digits, if they match print the number
Until (n*n) % 1000000 = 269696
' increase the number with 8, number ends on a 4
n = n + 8
Loop
If n = 99736 Then
Print "No smaller number was found"
Else
' we found a smaller number, print the number and its square
Print "The number = ";n ; " and its square = "; n*n
EndIf
IS-BASIC
100 PROGRAM "Babbage.bas"
110 LET N=2
120 DO
130 LET N=N+2
140 LOOP UNTIL MOD(N*N,1000000)=269696
150 PRINT "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is:";N
160 PRINT "It's square is";N^2
Alternative method:
100 PROGRAM "Babbage.bas"
110 LET N=269696
120 DO
130 LET N=N+1000000
140 LET R=SQR(N)
150 LOOP UNTIL R=INT(R)
160 PRINT "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is:";R
170 PRINT "It's square is";N
XBasic
PROGRAM "Babbage problem"
VERSION "0.0000"
DECLARE FUNCTION Entry ()
FUNCTION Entry ()
number = 524
DO
number = number + 2
LOOP UNTIL ((number ** 2) MOD 1000000) = 269696
PRINT "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: "; number
PRINT "It's square is "; number ** 2
PRINT "It's square is "; number * number
END FUNCTION
END PROGRAM
Batch File
:: This line is only required to increase the readability of the output by hiding the lines of code being executed
@echo off
:: Everything between the lines keeps repeating until the answer is found
:: The code works by, starting at 1, checking to see if the last 6 digits of the current number squared is equal to 269696
::----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:loop
:: Increment the current number being tested by 1
set /a number+=1
:: Square the current number
set /a numbersquared=%number%*%number%
:: Check if the last 6 digits of the current number squared is equal to 269696, and if so, stop looping and go to the end
if %numbersquared:~-6%==269696 goto end
goto loop
::----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:end
echo %number% * %number% = %numbersquared%
pause>nul
- Output:
25264 * 25264 = 638269696
Befunge
Befunge is not an easily readable language, but with a basic understanding of the syntax, I think an intelligent person should be able to follow the logic of the code below.
1+ ::* "d"::** % "V8":** -! #v_ > > > > >
v
increment n n*n modulo 1000000 equal to 269696? v if false, loop to right
v
v"Smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is "0 < else output n below
>:#,_$ . 55+, @
ouput message then n newline exit
numeric constants explained:
"d" ascii value of 'd', i.e. 100
:: duplicate twice: 100,100,100
** multiply twice: 100*100*100 = 1000000
"V8" ascii values of 'V' and '8', i.e. 86 and 56
: duplicate the '8' (56): 86,56,56
** multiply twice: 86*56*56 = 269696
- Output:
Smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is 25264
Bracmat
(
500:?number {A child knows that 269696 is larger than 500*500,
but not by much. It is safe to start the search with 500.}
& whl {'whl' is shorthand for 'while'. It announces the evaluation of
an expression that is repeated until it fails.}
' ( @(!number*!number:~(? 269696)) { ~(? 269696) is a pattern. It says
that it will not match numbers that do
not end with the figures 269696.
The question mark is there to match all
the figures before 269696.}
& !number:<99736 { We should under no circumstance try
numbers that are larger than 99736.}
& 1+!number:?number { If the number did not pass the test,
we take the next number and repeat
the test. }
)
& out
$ ( str
$ ( "The smallest number that ends with the figures 269696 when squared is "
!number
", since the square of "
!number
" is "
!number*!number
)
)
)
- Output:
The smallest number that ends with the figures 269696 when squared is 25264, since the square of 25264 is 638269696
C
// This code is the implementation of Babbage Problem
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <limits.h>
int main() {
int current = 0, //the current number
square; //the square of the current number
//the strategy of take the rest of division by 1e06 is
//to take the a number how 6 last digits are 269696
while (((square=current*current) % 1000000 != 269696) && (square<INT_MAX)) {
current++;
}
//output
if (square>+INT_MAX)
printf("Condition not satisfied before INT_MAX reached.");
else
printf ("The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is %d\n", current);
//the end
return 0 ;
}
- Output:
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is 25264
C#
namespace Babbage_Problem
{
class iterateNumbers
{
public iterateNumbers()
{
long baseNumberSquared = 0; //the base number multiplied by itself
long baseNumber = 0; //the number to be squared, this one will be iterated
do //this sets up the loop
{
baseNumber += 1; //add one to the base number
baseNumberSquared = baseNumber * baseNumber; //multiply the base number by itself and store the value as baseNumberSquared
}
while (Right6Digits(baseNumberSquared) != 269696); //this will continue the loop until the right 6 digits of the base number squared are 269,696
Console.WriteLine("The smallest integer whose square ends in 269,696 is " + baseNumber);
Console.WriteLine("The square is " + baseNumberSquared);
}
private long Right6Digits(long baseNumberSquared)
{
string numberAsString = baseNumberSquared.ToString(); //this is converts the number to a different type so it can be cut up
if (numberAsString.Length < 6) { return baseNumberSquared; }; //if the number doesn't have 6 digits in it, just return it to try again.
numberAsString = numberAsString.Substring(numberAsString.Length - 6); //this extracts the last 6 digits from the number
return long.Parse(numberAsString); //return the last 6 digits of the number
}
}
}}
- Output:
The smallest integer whose square ends in 269,696 is 25264 The square is 638269696
C++
#include <iostream>
int main( ) {
int current = 0 ;
while ( ( current * current ) % 1000000 != 269696 )
current++ ;
std::cout << "The square of " << current << " is " << (current * current) << " !\n" ;
return 0 ;
}
- Output:
The square of 25264 is 638269696 !
Caché ObjectScript
BABBAGE
; start at the integer prior to the square root of 269,696 as it has to be at least that big
set i = ($piece($zsqr(269696),".",1,1) - 1) ; piece 1 of . gets the integer portion
; loop forever, incrementing by one, until we find a square ending in 269696
for {
set i = i + 1 ; this will start us at the integer value from the piece statement above
; evaluate if the last 6 digits of the square equal 269696
set square = i * i
if ($extract(square,$length(square) - 5,$length(square)) = 269696) {
; We match - display the integer and square value to the screen, formatting the numerics with a comma separator as needed.
write !,"Result: "_$fnumber(i,",")_" squared is "_$fnumber(square,",")_". This ends in 269696."
quit ; exit for loop
}
}
quit ; exit routine
- Output:
SAMPLES>do ^BABBAGE Result: 25,264 squared is 638,269,696. This ends in 269696.
Clojure
; Defines function named babbage? that returns true if the
; square of the provided number leaves a remainder of 269,696 when divided
; by a million
(defn babbage? [n]
(let [square (* n n)]
(= 269696 (mod square 1000000))))
; Use the above babbage? to find the first positive integer that returns true
; (We're exploiting Clojure's laziness here; (range) with no parameters returns
; an infinite series.)
(first (filter babbage? (range)))
- Output:
25264
COBOL
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. BABBAGE-PROGRAM.
* A line beginning with an asterisk is an explanatory note.
* The machine will disregard any such line.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
* In this part of the program we reserve the storage space we shall
* be using for our variables, using a 'PICTURE' clause to specify
* how many digits the machine is to keep free.
* The prefixed number 77 indicates that these variables do not form part
* of any larger 'record' that we might want to deal with as a whole.
77 N PICTURE 99999.
* We know that 99,736 is a valid answer.
77 N-SQUARED PICTURE 9999999999.
77 LAST-SIX PICTURE 999999.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
* Here we specify the calculations that the machine is to carry out.
CONTROL-PARAGRAPH.
PERFORM COMPUTATION-PARAGRAPH VARYING N FROM 1 BY 1
UNTIL LAST-SIX IS EQUAL TO 269696.
STOP RUN.
COMPUTATION-PARAGRAPH.
MULTIPLY N BY N GIVING N-SQUARED.
MOVE N-SQUARED TO LAST-SIX.
* Since the variable LAST-SIX can hold a maximum of six digits,
* only the final six digits of N-SQUARED will be moved into it:
* the rest will not fit and will simply be discarded.
IF LAST-SIX IS EQUAL TO 269696 THEN DISPLAY N.
END PROGRAM BABBAGE-PROGRAM.
- Output:
25264
Common Lisp
(defun babbage-test (n)
"A generic function for any ending of a number"
(when (> n 0)
(do* ((i 0 (1+ i))
(d (expt 10 (1+ (truncate (log n) (log 10))))) )
((= (mod (* i i) d) n) i) )))
- Output:
(babbage-test 269696) 25264
Alternate solution
I use Allegro CL 10.1
; Project : Babbage problem
(setq n 1)
(setq bab2 1)
(loop while (/= bab2 269696)
do (setq n (+ n 1))
(setf bab1 (expt n 2))
(setf bab2 (mod bab1 1000000)))
(format t "~a" "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: ")
(write n)
(terpri)
(format t "~a" "Its square is: ")
(write (* n n))
Output:
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 25264 Its square is: 638269696
With proper syntax
With some improvements of Common Lisp style
;; * The package definition
(defpackage :babbage
(:use :common-lisp))
(in-package :babbage)
;; * The function
(defun babbage (end)
"Returns the smallest number whose square ends in END."
(loop
:with digits = (ceiling (log end 10)) ; How many digits has end?
:for num :from (isqrt end) ; The start number
:for square = (expt num 2) ; The square of num
:for ends = (mod square (expt 10 digits)) ; The last digits
:until (= ends end)
:finally
(format t "The smallest number whose square ends in ~D is: ~D~%" end num)
(format t "Its square is: ~D~%" square)
(return num)))
- Output:
ABBAGE> (babbage 269696) The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 25264 Its square is: 638269696
Component Pascal
MODULE BabbageProblem;
IMPORT StdLog;
PROCEDURE Do*;
VAR
i: LONGINT;
BEGIN
i := 2;
WHILE (i * i MOD 1000000) # 269696 DO
IF i MOD 10 = 4 THEN INC(i,2) ELSE INC(i,8) END
END;
StdLog.Int(i)
END Do;
END BabbageProblem.
Execute: ^Q BabbageProble.Do
- Output:
25264
Craft Basic
print "calculating..."
let n = 2
do
let n = n + 2
wait
loopuntil (n ^ 2) % 1000000 = 269696
print "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: ", n
print "It's square is ", n * n
- Output:
calculating...The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: 25264
It's square is 638269696
D
// It's basically the same as any other version.
// What can be observed is that 269696 is even, so we have to consider only even numbers,
// because only the square of even numbers is even.
import std.math;
import std.stdio;
void main( )
{
// get smallest number <= sqrt(269696)
int k = cast(int)(sqrt(269696.0));
// if root is odd -> make it even
if (k % 2 == 1)
k = k - 1;
// cycle through numbers
while ((k * k) % 1000000 != 269696)
k = k + 2;
// display output
writefln("%d * %d = %d", k, k, k*k);
}
- Output:
25264 * 25264 = 638269696
Dafny
// Helper function for mask: does the actual computation.
function method mask_(v:int,m:int):int
decreases v-m
requires 0 <= v && 0 < m
ensures v < mask_(v,m)
{
if v < m then m else mask_(v,m*10)
}
// Return the smallest power of 10 greater than v.
function method mask(v:int):int
requires 0 <= v
ensures v < mask(v)
{
mask_(v,10)
}
// Return true if the last digits of v == suffix.
predicate method EndWith(v:int,suffix:int)
requires 0 <= suffix
{
v % mask(suffix) == suffix
}
method SmallestSqEndingWith(suffix:int) returns (s:int)
requires 0 < suffix
ensures EndWith(s*s, suffix)
// ensures forall i :: 0 <= i < s ==> !EndWith(i*i,suffix)
decreases * // This method may not terminate.
{
s := 0;
// squares is the sequence of s*s. A ghost variable is only used by the
// verification process at compile time.
ghost var squares := [];
while !EndWith(s*s, suffix)
invariant s == |squares|
invariant forall i :: 0 <= i < s ==> squares[i] == i*i && !EndWith(squares[i], suffix)
decreases *
{
squares := squares + [s*s];
s := s + 1;
}
// Leaving the method:
// s*s ends with the suffix.
assert EndWith(s*s, suffix);
// The sequence squares contains i*i for i in [0..s]; none of the elements of
// squares ends with the suffix.
assert s == |squares|;
assert forall i :: 0 <= i < s ==> i*i == squares[i] && !EndWith(squares[i], suffix);
// That last assertion should imply the commented-out post-condition of the
// method, but I'm not sure how to express that.
//
// Conclusion: s is guaranteed to be the smallest number whose square ends
// with the suffix.
}
method Main() decreases *
{
var suffix := 269696;
var smallest := SmallestSqEndingWith(suffix);
print smallest, "\n";
}
Dart
main() {
var x = 0;
while((x*x)% 1000000 != 269696)
{ x++;}
print('$x');
}
Delphi
See Pascal.
Dyalect
Simple approach:
var i = 0
while i * i % 1000000 != 269696 {
i += 1
}
print("\(i) is the smallest number that ends with 269696")
Using a non-strict range and iteration:
for i in 2..Integer.Max {
if i * i % 1000000 == 269696 {
print("\(i) is the smallest number that ends with 269696")
break
}
}
- Output:
25264 is the smallest number that ends with 269696
EasyLang
while n * n mod 1000000 <> 269696
n += 1
.
print n
EDSAC order code
The only short cut in the program below is to note that both 269696 and 1000000 are divisible by 64, so that only numbers n divisible by 8 need be considered. To save time in finding the residue of n^2 modulo 1000000, the program does not compute n^2 but adds n^2 - (n - 8)^2 to the previous residue. This of course is the principle that Babbage used in his Difference Engine.
One inconvenience of EDSAC was that a programmer who wanted to define a 35-bit constant by means of pseudo-orders could specify the low and high 17-bit words, but not the middle bit ("sandwich digit"), which had to be 0. So a constant such as 1000000, with middle bit 1, could not be defined by pseudo-orders. In this case the programmer could usually define the negative of the desired constant and work with that instead, as illustrated below.
A more convenient way to define 35-bit constants was to use a library subroutine to read them from the input tape in decimal format, with no worries about the sandwich digit. This is demonstrated in the EDSAC solution to the linear congruential generator.
[Babbage problem from Rosetta Code website]
[EDSAC program, Initial Orders 2]
[Library subroutine M3. Pauses the loading, prints header,
and gets overwritten when loading resumes.
Here, the last character sets the teleprinter to figures.]
PFGKIFAFRDLFUFOFE@A6FG@E8FEZPF
@&*SOLUTION!TO!BABBAGE!PROBLEM@&#
..PZ [blank tape, needed to mark end of header text]
[Library subroutine P6. Prints strictly positive integer.
32 locations; argument at 0, working locations 1, 4, 5]
T56K [define load address for subroutine]
GKA3FT25@H29@VFT4DA3@TFH30@S6@T1FV4DU4DAFG26@
TFTFO5FA4DF4FS4FL4FT4DA1FS3@G9@EFSFO31@E20@J995FJF!F
[Main routine. Load after subroutine P6.
Must be at an even address because each double
value at the start must be at an even address.]
T88K [define absolute load address]
GK [set @ (theta) for relative addresses]
[Variables]
[0] PF PF [trial solution, call it n]
[2] PF PF [residue of n^2 modulo 1000000]
[4] PF PF [1st difference for n^2]
[Constants]
[6] P64F PF [2nd difference for n^2, i.e. 128]
[8] P4F PF [1st difference for n, i.e. 8]
T10#Z PF T10Z [clears sandwich digit between 10 and 11;
cf. Wilkes, Wheeler & Gill, 1951, pp 110, 141-2]
[10] #1760F V2046F [-1000000]
T12#Z PF T12Z [clears sandwich digit between 12 and 13]
[12] Q1728F PD [269696]
[14] &F [line feed]
[15] @F [carriage return]
[16] K4096F [teleprinter null]
[Enter with acc = 0]
[17] T#@ [trial number n := 0]
T2#@ [(n^2 mod 1000000) := 0]
S6#@ [acc := -128]
RD [right shift]
T4#@ [(1st difference for n^2) := -64]
[Start of loop]
[22] TF [clear acc]
A#@ [load n]
A8#@ [add 8]
T#@ [update n]
A4#@ [load 1st difference of n^2]
A6#@ [add 128]
T4#@ [update]
A2#@ [load residue of n^2 mod 1000000]
A4#@ [add 1st difference]
[31] A10#@ [subtract 1000000, by adding -1000000]
E31@ [repeat until result < 0]
S10#@ [add back 1000000]
U2#@ [update residue]
S12#@ [subtract target 269696]
G22@ [loop back if residue < 269696]
[if still here, acc is non-neg mult of 64]
S8#@ [test for acc = 0 by subtracting 8]
E22@ [loop back if residue > 269696]
[Here with the solution]
TF [clear acc]
A#@ [load solution n]
TD [store at absolute address 0 for printing]
[42] A42@ [for return from subroutine]
G56F [call subroutine to print n]
O15@ [print CR]
O14@ [print LF]
O16@ [print null, to flush printer buffer]
ZF [stop]
E17Z [define entry point]
PF [enter with acc = 0]
- Output:
SOLUTION TO BABBAGE PROBLEM 25264
Elena
ELENA 4.x :
import extensions;
import system'math;
public program()
{
var n := 1;
until(n.sqr().mod:1000000 == 269696)
{
n += 1
};
console.printLine(n)
}
- Output:
25264
Elixir
defmodule Babbage do
def problem(n) when rem(n*n,1000000)==269696, do: n
def problem(n), do: problem(n+2)
end
IO.puts Babbage.problem(0)
or
Stream.iterate(2, &(&1+2))
|> Enum.find(&rem(&1*&1, 1000000) == 269696)
|> IO.puts
- Output:
25264
Erlang
-module(solution1).
-export([main/0]).
babbage(N,E) when N*N rem 1000000 == 269696 ->
io:fwrite("~p",[N]);
babbage(N,E) ->
case E of
4 -> babbage(N+2,6);
6 -> babbage(N+8,4)
end.
main()->
babbage(4,4).
F#
let mutable n=1
while(((n*n)%( 1000000 ))<> 269696) do
n<-n+1
printf"%i"n
Same as above, sans mutable state.
Seq.initInfinite id
|> Seq.skipWhile (fun n->(n*n % 1000000) <> 269696)
|> Seq.head |> printfn "%d"
Not the same as above, see discussion page!!!!
let rec fN g=seq{yield g; yield g+2; yield! fN(g+10)}
printfn "%d" (fN 524|>Seq.find(fun n->n*n%1000000=269696))
- Output:
256264
Factor
! Lines like this one are comments. They are meant for humans to
! read and have no effect on the instructions carried out by the
! computer (aside from Factor's parser ignoring them).
! Comments may appear after program instructions on the same
! line.
! Each word between USING: and ; is a vocabulary. By importing
! a vocabulary in this way, its words are made available for the
! program to use. This is a way to keep the space requirements
! down for deployed programs, and a nice side effect is that it
! gives readers a clue for where to look for documentation.
USING: kernel math math.ranges prettyprint sequences ;
! Before the program begins, it's incredibly helpful to have an
! understanding of Factor's dataflow model. Don't worry; it's
! not complicated, but it's confusing to read a Factor program
! without this knowledge.
! Factor is a stack-based language. What this means is that
! there is an implicit data stack in the background, waiting
! to recieve whatever manner of thing we wish to give it. Here
! is a simple arithmetic expression to demonstrate:
! language token | data stack
! ---------------+-----------
! 2 2 ! numbers place themselves on the stack.
! 1 2 1
! 4 2 1 4
! + 2 5 ! consume 1 and 4 and leave behind 5.
! * 10 ! consume 2 and 5 and leave behind 10.
! Thus the phrase
! 2 1 4 + *
! in Factor is a way to calculate 2 * (4 + 1).
! We could have also written this as
! 1 4 + 2 *
! with no change in meaning or outcome.
! Because of the way the data stack works, there is no need
! to specify order of operations in the language, because you do
! so inherently by the order you place things on the data stack.
! === BEGIN PROGRAM ============================================
518 99,736 2 <range> ! Here we place three numbers on the
! stack representing a range of numbers.
! The first, 518, represents the starting
! point of the sequence. 99,736
! represents the ending point of the
! sequence. 2 represents the "step" of
! the sequence, or a constant distance
! between members.
! <range> takes those three numbers and
! creates an object representing the
! described range of numbers. Computers
! of today are more than capable of
! storing that many numbers, but <range>
! doesn't store them all; it calculates
! the number that is needed at the
! current time.
! The rationale for the sequence is as
! follows. Odd squares are always odd, so
! we don't need to consider them. That's
! why the sequence starts with an even
! number and is incremented by 2. We
! choose 518 to start because it's the
! largest even square less than 269,696.
! We choose 99,736 to end because we
! know it's a solution.
[ sq 1,000,000 mod 269,696 = ]
! the [ ... ] form is called a quotation.
! Think of it like a sequence that stores
! code. It's a way to place code on the
! data stack without executing it. This
! is so that it can be used by the find
! word. You could also think of it much
! like a function that hasn't been given
! a name.
find
! When we call the find word, there are
! two objects on the stack: a sequence
! and a quotation. find is a word that
! takes a sequence and a quotation and
! applies the quotation to one member of
! the sequence after another. It does
! so until the quotation returns a t
! value (denoting a boolean true) and
! then leaves that number, along with its
! index in the sequence, on the stack.
! Let's take a look at what happens
! for each iteration of find. Let's look
! at what happens with the first number
! in the sequence.
! language token | data stack
! ---------------+-----------
! 518 518 ! 518 is placed on the stack
! from the sequence by find.
! sq 268,324 ! square it
! 1,000,000 268,324 1,000,000 ! place a million on the stack
! mod 268,324 ! take modulus of 268,324
! and 1,000,000
! 269,696 268,324 269,696 ! place 269,696 on the stack
! = f ! test 268,324 and 269,696 for
! equality.
! So the square of the first number in
! the sequence, 518, does not end with
! 269,696. We'll try each number in the
! sequence until we get a t.
. ! Consume the top member of the data stack and print it out.
drop ! find leaves both the found element from the sequence
! and the index at which it was found on the data stack.
! We don't care about the index so we will call drop to
! remove it from the top of the data stack. All programs
! must end with an emtpy data stack.
! Putting the entire program together, it looks like this:
! 518 99,736 2 <range> [ sq 1,000,000 mod 269,696 = ] find . drop
- Output:
25264
Forth
Can a Forth program be made readable to a novice, without getting into what a stack is? We shall see.
( First we set out the steps the computer will use to solve the problem )
: BABBAGE
1 ( start from the number 1 )
BEGIN ( commence a "loop": the computer will return to this point repeatedly )
1+ ( add 1 to our number )
DUP DUP ( duplicate the result twice, so we now have three copies )
( We need three because we are about to multiply two of them together to find the square, and the third will be used the next time we go around the loop -- unless we have found our answer, in which case we shall need to print it out )
* ( * means "multiply", so we now have the square )
1000000 MOD ( find the remainder after dividing it by a million )
269696 = ( is it equal to 269,696? )
UNTIL ( keep repeating the steps from BEGIN until the condition is satisfied )
. ; ( when it is satisfied, print out the number that allowed us to satisfy it )
( Now we ask the machine to carry out these instructions )
BABBAGE
- Output:
25264
Fortran
First FORTRAN
Mister Babbage,
I have been working for 2 years in New York on an IBM 704 computer.
I have just finished my work on a new language, a language for non-specialists.
I called it: FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator).
And with it I solved your problem.
Sincerely,
John Backus - September 1956
DO 3 N=1,99736
IF(MODF(N*N,1000000)-269696)3,4,3
3 CONTINUE
4 PRINT 5,N
5 FORMAT(I6)
STOP
- Output:
25264
Mister Babbage, an addendum :
I was confident that my program will work because the FORTRAN for IBM 704 rely on a computer with a hardware of 36 bit integers.
You already proved than the number N must be less or equal to 99736. But if N were greater than 46340 (√ 231-1 ), half of the programs you see here use 32 bit integers and they would have failed with an overflow exception.
Sincerely - J. B.
Modern Fortran
program babbage
implicit none
integer :: n
n=1
do while (mod(n*n,1000000) .ne. 269696)
n = n + 1
end do
print*, n
end program babbage
FreeBASIC
' version 25-10-2016
' compile with: fbc -s console
' Charles Babbage would have known that only number ending
' on a 4 or 6 could produce a square ending on a 6
' also any number below 520 would produce a square smaller than 269,696
' we can stop when we have reached 99,736
' we know it square and it ends on 269,696
Dim As ULong number = 524 ' first number to try
Dim As ULong square, count
Do
' square the number
square = number * number
' look at the last 6 digits, if they match print the number
If Right(Str(square), 6) = "269696" Then Exit Do
' increase the number with 2, number end ons a 6
number = number +2
' if the number = 99736 then we haved found a smaller number, so stop
If number = 99736 Then Exit Do
square = number * number
' look at the last 6 digits, if they match print the number
If Right(Str(square),6 ) = "269696" Then Exit Do
' increase the number with 8, number ends on a 4
number = number +8
' go to the first line under "Do"
Loop
If number = 99736 Then
Print "No smaller number was found"
Else
' we found a smaller number, print the number and its square
Print Using "The number = #####, and its square = ##########,"; number; square
End If
' empty keyboard buffer
While Inkey <> "" : Wend
Print : Print "hit any key to end program"
Sleep
End
- Output:
The number = 25,264 and its square = 638,269,696
Frink
// This is a solver for the Rosetta Code problem "Babbage problem"
// https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Babbage_problem
i = 1
while true
{
// mod is the modulus operator.
// The == operator is a test for equality. A single =
// assigns to a variable.
if i² mod million == 269696
{
// This prints i and i²
println[i + "² = " + i²]
exit[] // This terminates the program if a solution is found.
}
i = i + 1
}
- Output:
225264² = 638269696
FutureBasic
window 1
long i
for i = 1 to 1000000
if i ^ 2 mod 1000000 == 269696 then exit for
next
print @"The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is ";i
print @"Its square is ";i ^ 2
HandleEvents
- Output:
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is 25264 Its square is 638269696
Fōrmulæ
Fōrmulæ programs are not textual, visualization/edition of programs is done showing/manipulating structures but not text. Moreover, there can be multiple visual representations of the same program. Even though it is possible to have textual representation —i.e. XML, JSON— they are intended for storage and transfer purposes more than visualization and edition.
Programs in Fōrmulæ are created/edited online in its website.
In this page you can see and run the program(s) related to this task and their results. You can also change either the programs or the parameters they are called with, for experimentation, but remember that these programs were created with the main purpose of showing a clear solution of the task, and they generally lack any kind of validation.
Solution
Gambas
Click this link to run this code
Public Sub Main()
Dim iNum As Long
For iNum = 1 To 100000
If Str(iNum * iNum) Ends "269696" Then Break
Next
Print "The lowest number squared that ends in '269696' is " & Str(iNum)
End
Output:
The lowest number squared that ends in '269696' is 25264
Go
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
const (
target = 269696
modulus = 1000000
)
for n := 1; ; n++ { // Repeat with n=1, n=2, n=3, ...
square := n * n
ending := square % modulus
if ending == target {
fmt.Println("The smallest number whose square ends with",
target, "is", n,
)
return
}
}
}
- Output:
The smallest number whose square ends with 269696 is 25264
Groovy
int n=104; ///starting point
while( (n**2)%1000000 != 269696 )
{ if (n%10==4) n=n+2;
if (n%10==6) n=n+8;
}
println n+"^2== "+n**2 ;
- Output:
25264^2== 638269696
Haskell
head
--Calculate squares, testing for the last 6 digits
findBabbageNumber :: Integer
findBabbageNumber =
head (filter ((269696 ==) . flip mod 1000000 . (^ 2)) [1 ..])
main :: IO ()
main =
(putStrLn . unwords)
(zipWith
(++)
(show <$> ([id, (^ 2)] <*> [findBabbageNumber]))
[" ^ 2 equals", " !"])
- Output:
25264 ^ 2 equals 638269696 !
Safe.headMay
Or, if we incline to the nullius in verba approach, are not yet convinced that there really are any such numbers below 100,000, and look uncertainly at head – a partial function which simply fails on empty lists, we could import the Safe module, and use the headMay alternative, which, more cautiously and experimentally, returns a Maybe value:
import Data.List (intercalate)
import Data.Maybe (maybe)
import Safe (headMay)
maybeBabbage :: Integer -> Maybe Integer
maybeBabbage upperLimit =
headMay
(filter ((269696 ==) . flip rem 1000000) ((^ 2) <$> [1 .. upperLimit]))
main :: IO ()
main = do
let upperLimit = 100000
putStrLn $
maybe
(intercalate (show upperLimit) ["No such number found below ", " ..."])
(intercalate " ^ 2 -> " .
fmap show . (<*>) [floor . sqrt . fromInteger, id] . pure)
(maybeBabbage upperLimit)
- Output:
25264 ^ 2 -> 638269696
Suffixes and integer roots
The inverse approach, which gets us to the first number in just 638 tests, is to append a 269696 suffix to each successive integer, filtering for results with integer square roots.
We can then harvest as many as we need from an infinite stream of babbages, Mr Babbage.
import Data.List (intercalate)
--------------------- BABBAGE PROBLEM --------------------
babbagePairs :: [[Integer]]
babbagePairs =
[0, 1000000 ..]
>>= \x -> -- Drawing from a succession of N * 10^6
let y = (x + 269696) -- The next number ending in 269696,
r = root y -- its square root,
i = floor r -- and the integer part of that root.
in [ [i, y] -- Root and square harvested together,
| r == fromIntegral i -- only if that root is an integer.
]
root :: Integer -> Double
root = sqrt. fromIntegral
--------------------------- TEST -------------------------
main :: IO ()
main = mapM_ (putStrLn . arrowed) $ take 10 babbagePairs
arrowed :: [Integer] -> String
arrowed = intercalate " ^ 2 -> " . fmap show
- Output:
25264 ^ 2 -> 638269696 99736 ^ 2 -> 9947269696 150264 ^ 2 -> 22579269696 224736 ^ 2 -> 50506269696 275264 ^ 2 -> 75770269696 349736 ^ 2 -> 122315269696 400264 ^ 2 -> 160211269696 474736 ^ 2 -> 225374269696 525264 ^ 2 -> 275902269696 599736 ^ 2 -> 359683269696
A quick glance at these results suggests that Mr Babbage would have done well to consider more closely the way in which the final digits of the square constrain the final digits of the root.
We can get to the solution almost immediately, after only a handful of tests, well within the reach of pencil and paper, if we discern that the root itself, to produce the 269692 suffix in its square, must have one of only four different final digit sequences: (0264, 5264, 4736, or 9736).
With a machine, this approach can industrialise the babbage harvest, yielding thousands of pairs in less than a second:
---------------------- BABBAGE PAIRS ---------------------
babbagePairs :: [(Integer, Integer)]
babbagePairs =
[0, 10000 ..]
>>= \x ->
( ((,) <*> (^ 2)) . (x +)
<$> [264, 5264, 9736, 4736]
)
>>= \(a, b) ->
[ (a, b)
| ((269696 ==) . flip rem 1000000) b
]
--------------------------- TEST -------------------------
main :: IO ()
main =
mapM_
putStrLn
( (\(a, b) -> show a <> " ^2 -> " <> show b)
<$> take 2000 babbagePairs
)
Hoon
:: This is Hoon, a language for writing human-legible
:: instructions to a machine called Urbit.
::
:: A pair of non-alphanumeric symbols is called a rune.
:: Each rune begins a unique expression.
::
:: An expression can be an instruction to the machine,
:: or a description of essential information.
:: Each rune specifies a different expression.
:: Each expression can contain other expressions.
:: (In practice, every expression contains
:: at least one of the expressions that follow it.)
::
:: :: tells the machine to ignore the rest of a line
:: these lines allow commentary for a human reader
:: like the question this program will answer:
::
:: What is the smallest positive integer whose
:: square ends in the digits 269,696?
::
:: The program of instructions for solving this,
:: uninterrupted by commentary, is:
::
:: :- %say
:: |= [*]
:: :- %noun
:: ^- @ud
:: =/ n 0
:: |-
:: ?: =(269.696 (mod (pow n 2) 1.000.000))
:: n
:: %= $
:: n +(n)
:: ==
::
:: The first three significant lines describe
:: two things: our program's input, and its structure.
:: They specify the program requires no input.
:: Otherwise, we can ignore them for our purposes.
::
:: ^- describes the desired output of our program.
:: @ud signifies an unknown positive integer.
:: The output will be a positive integer.
:: The output will be our answer.
:- %say
|= [*]
:- %noun
^- @ud
::
:: =/ assigns a value to a name, for future reference.
:: Here we assign value 0 to "n", as in algebra.
=/ n 0
::
:: |- begins a recursive, iterative process.
:: It might not end until a condition is met.
|-
::
:: ?: does two things.
:: First, it returns a Boolean true-or-false answer
:: to the question that follows.
:: Second, it evaluates one of two expressions
:: branching on whether the answer is true or false.
::
:: Here we rephrase our question for the machine:
:: "Is 269,696 equal to the remainder of
:: n^2 divided by 1,000,000?"
?: =(269.696 (mod (pow n 2) 1.000.000))
::
:: If so, we get our answer: the current value of n.
n
::
:: If not, we run the whole program again,
:: but this time n is replaced by (n+1).
:: n will be incremented by 1 until our
:: ?: question has the answer "true",
:: upon which it will return n.
:: If n is 0, it will now be 1.
:: If n is 25,263, it will now be 25,264 which,
:: as this program shows, is the smallest positive
:: integer whose square ends in the digits 269,696.
::
:: %= runs the whole program again, but
:: with the listed names, on the left, assigned
:: new values on the right. It could take an
:: arbitrary number of children, so unlike the
:: other runes here which take a fixed number,
:: this expression must end in a == rune, which
:: just brings the expression to an end.
%= $
n +(n)
==
J
The key to understandability is a mix of hopefully adequate notation and some level of verifiability.
So let's break the implementation into some named pieces and present enough detail that a mathematician can verify that the result is both consistent and reasonable:
square=: ^&2
modulo1e6=: 1000000&|
trythese=: i. 1000000 NB. first million nonnegative integers
which=: I. NB. position of true values
which 269696=modulo1e6 square trythese NB. right to left <-
25264 99736 150264 224736 275264 349736 400264 474736 525264 599736 650264 724736 775264 849736 900264 974736
The smallest of these values is 25264.
Alternatively, inspired by the APL example that makes the sentence sound natural
NB. In the interactive environment.
NB. First here, Mr Babbage, we'll make the computer's words more meaningful to an english speaker.
NB. The first is the "head" of a list, written with these inviting open arms that embrace one small dot :
first=: {.
NB. The small i. notation denotes "all integers up to 100000". You've already found a solution in that range.
n=: i. 100000
NB. This is how we write squaring.
squareof=: *:
NB. In our notation, a dyad is a word that takes an x value on the left and an y value on the right.
ends=: dyad : ' x = 1000000 | y '
NB. This dyad selects values from the list x, as marked by the list y
where=: dyad : ' y # x '
NB. Now that we defined our words, we can ask our question with them :
first n where 269696 ends squareof n
25264
NB. With a bit of habit, you won't need to define words in english anymore.
NB. The following easily relates word for word to the sentence we've written :
{. (i.100000) #~ 269696 = 1000000 | *: i.100000
25264
NB. Like all mathematical notations, in J you see patterns that suggest simplification :
{. I. 269696 = 1000000 | *: i.100000
25264
Java
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// let n be zero
int n = 0;
// repeat the following action
do {
// increase n by 1
n++;
// while the modulo of n times n is not equal to 269696
} while (n * n % 1000_000 != 269696);
// show the result
System.out.println(n);
}
}
25264
JavaScript
Iteration
// Every line starting with a double slash will be ignored by the processing machine,
// just like these two.
//
// Since the square root of 269,696 is approximately 519, we create a variable named "n"
// and give it this value.
n = 519
// The while-condition is in parentheses
// * is for multiplication
// % is for modulo operation
// != is for "not equal"
while ( ((n * n) % 1000000) != 269696 )
n = n + 1
// n is incremented until the while-condition is met, so n should finally be the
// smallest positive integer whose square ends in the digits 269,696. To see n, we
// need to send it to the monitoring device (named console).
console.log(n)
Functional composition
Starting with numbers which end in 269696, and filtering for those which have integer roots, we reach 25264 ^2 -> 638269696 after only 638 tests.
(() => {
'use strict';
// babbageNumbers :: Int -> [Int]
const babbageNumbers = n =>
// Take the first n Babbage numbers,
take(n)(
// from the concatenation of outputs of
// a function which constructs the next number
// ending in 269696, and returns it wrapped
// in a list if it is a perfect square,
// or just returns an empty list if it
// is not a perfect square.
// The concatenation of the map output eliminates
// all empty lists, leaving a sequence of perfect
// squares which end in 269696.
concatMap(x => {
const
fx = 269696 + (1000000 * x),
root = Math.sqrt(fx);
return root === Math.floor(root) ? (
[Tuple(root)(fx)]
) : [];
// Mapped over non-finite integer series
// starting with 1.
})(enumFrom(1))
);
// TEST -----------------------------------------------
const main = () =>
// List of the first 10 positive integers
// whose squares end in 269696.
unlines(
map(pair => fst(pair) + '^2 -> ' + snd(pair))(
babbageNumbers(10)
));
// GENERIC FUNCTIONS ----------------------------------
// Tuple (,) :: a -> b -> (a, b)
const Tuple = a => b => ({
type: 'Tuple',
'0': a,
'1': b,
length: 2
});
// concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> Gen [a] -> Gen [b]
const concatMap = f =>
// Instance of concatMap for non-finite streams.
function*(xs) {
let
x = xs.next(),
v = undefined;
while (!x.done) {
v = f(x.value);
if (0 < v.length) {
yield v[0];
}
x = xs.next();
}
};
// enumFrom :: Enum a => a -> [a]
function* enumFrom(x) {
let v = x;
while (true) {
yield v;
v = succ(v);
}
}
// fst :: (a, b) -> a
const fst = tpl => tpl[0];
// map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
const map = f => xs =>
(Array.isArray(xs) ? (
xs
) : xs.split('')).map(f);
// root :: Tree a -> a
const root = tree => tree.root;
// snd :: (a, b) -> b
const snd = tpl => tpl[1];
// succ :: Enum a => a -> a
const succ = x =>
1 + x;
// take :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
// take :: Int -> String -> String
const take = n => xs =>
'GeneratorFunction' !== xs.constructor.constructor.name ? (
xs.slice(0, n)
) : [].concat.apply([], Array.from({
length: n
}, () => {
const x = xs.next();
return x.done ? [] : [x.value];
}));
// unlines :: [String] -> String
const unlines = xs => xs.join('\n');
// MAIN ---
return main();
})();
- Output:
25264^2 -> 638269696 99736^2 -> 9947269696 150264^2 -> 22579269696 224736^2 -> 50506269696 275264^2 -> 75770269696 349736^2 -> 122315269696 400264^2 -> 160211269696 474736^2 -> 225374269696 525264^2 -> 275902269696 599736^2 -> 359683269696
jq
$ jq -n '1 | until( .*. | tostring | test("269696$"); .+1)' 25264
In words: start with n=1; if the decimal representation of n*n ends with 269696 then print n, otherwise increment n and restart.
Note for Mr Babbage.
Dear Sir. The answer to your most excellent problem is 25,264. For a demonstration, come join us in the 21st century and see for yourself: Ceci est une |."
Julia
"""
babbage(x::Integer)
Returns the smallest positive integer whose square ends in `x`
"""
function babbage(x::Integer)
i = big(0) # start with 0 and increase by 1 until target reaached
d = 10^ndigits(x) # smallest power of 10 greater than x
while (i * i) % d != x
i += 1 # try next squre of numbers 0, 1, 2, ...
end
return i
end
- Output:
julia> babbage(269696) 25264
Kotlin
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
var number = 520L
var square = 520 * 520L
while (true) {
val last6 = square.toString().takeLast(6)
if (last6 == "269696") {
println("The smallest number is $number whose square is $square")
return
}
number += 2
square = number * number
}
}
- Output:
The smallest number is 25264 whose square is 638269696
Lambdatalk
{S.map {lambda {:n}
{if {= {% {* :n :n} 1000000} 269696}
then :n{sup 2} = {* :n :n}
else}}
{S.serie 2 100000 2}}
-> 25264^2 = 638269696 99736^2 = 9947269696
...
Liberty BASIC
Now Mr. Babbage -- May I call you Charlie? No. OK -- we'll first start with 'n' equal to zero, then multiply it by itself to square it. If the last six digits of the result are not 269696, we'll add one to 'n' then go back and square it again. On our modern computer it should only take a moment to find the answer...
[start]
if right$(str$(n*n),6)="269696" then
print "n = "; using("###,###", n);
print " n*n = "; using("###,###,###,###", n*n)
end if
if n<100000 then n=n+1: goto [start]
print "Program complete."
Eureka! We found it! --
n = 25,264 n*n = 638,269,696
n = 99,736 n*n = 9,947,269,696
Program complete.
Now my question for you, Sir, is how did you know that the square of ANY number would end in 269696?? Oh, and by the way, 99,736 is an answer too.
Limbo
implement Babbage;
include "sys.m";
sys: Sys;
print: import sys;
include "draw.m";
draw: Draw;
Babbage : module
{
init : fn(ctxt : ref Draw->Context, args : list of string);
};
init (ctxt: ref Draw->Context, args: list of string)
{
sys = load Sys Sys->PATH;
current := 0;
while ((current * current) % 1000000 != 269696)
current++;
print("%d", current);
}
Lua
-- get smallest number <= sqrt(269696)
k = math.floor(math.sqrt(269696))
-- if root is odd -> make it even
if k % 2 == 1 then
k = k - 1
end
-- cycle through numbers
while not ((k * k) % 1000000 == 269696) do
k = k + 2
end
io.write(string.format("%d * %d = %d\n", k, k, k * k))
M2000 Interpreter
Def Long k=1000000, T=269696, n
n=Sqrt(269696)
For n=n to k {
If n^2 mod k = T Then Exit
}
Report format$("The smallest number whose square ends in {0} is {1}, Its square is {2}", T, n, n**2)
- Output:
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is 25264, Its square is 638269696
Mathematica /Wolfram Language
Solving up to his guess would show that there is indeed a smaller integer with that property.
Solve[Mod[x^2, 10^6] == 269696 && 0 <= x <= 99736, x, Integers]
- Output:
{{x->25264},{x->99736}}
Maxima
/* Function that returns a list of digits given a nonnegative integer */
decompose(num) := block([digits, remainder],
digits: [],
while num > 0 do
(remainder: mod(num, 10),
digits: cons(remainder, digits),
num: floor(num/10)),
digits
)$
/* Test case */
block(babbage_param:269696,i:isqrt(babbage_param)+1,cache_babbage:decompose(babbage_param),
while rest(decompose(i^2),(length(decompose(i^2))-6))#cache_babbage do i:i+2,
i);
- Output:
25264
MAXScript
-- MAXScript : Babbage problem : N.H.
posInt = 1
while posInt < 1000000 do
(
if (matchPattern((posInt * posInt) as string) pattern: "*269696") then exit
posInt += 1
)
Print "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is " + ((posInt) as string)
Print "Its square is " + (((pow posInt 2) as integer) as string)
- Output:
Output to MAXScript Listener:
"The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is 25264" "Its square is 638269696"
Microsoft Small Basic
' Babbage problem
' The quote (') means a comment
' The equals sign (=) means assign
n = 500
' 500 is stored in variable n*n
' 500 because 500*500=250000 less than 269696
' The nitty-gritty is in the 3 lines between "While" and "EndWhile".
' So, we start with 500, n is being incremented by 1 at each round
' while its square (n*n) (* means multiplication) does not have
' a remainder (function Math.Remainder) of 269696 when divided by one million.
' This means that the loop will stop when the smallest positive integer
' whose square ends in 269696
' is found and stored in n.
' (<>) means "not equal to"
While Math.Remainder( n*n , 1000000 ) <> 269696
n = n + 1
EndWhile
' (TextWindow.WriteLine) displays the string to the monitor
' (+) concatenates strings or variables to be displayed
TextWindow.WriteLine("The smallest positive integer whose square ends in 269696 is " + (n) + ".")
TextWindow.WriteLine("Its square is " + (n*n) + ".")
' End of Program.
- Output:
The smallest positive integer whose square ends in 269696 is 25264. Its square is 638269696.
MiniScript
// Lines that start with "//" are "comments" that are ignored
// by the computer. We use them to explain the code.
// Start by finding the smallest number that could possibly
// square to 269696. sqrt() returns the square root of a
// number, and floor() truncates any fractional part.
k = floor(sqrt(269696))
// Since 269696 is even, we are only going to consider even
// roots. We use the % (modulo) operator, which returns the
// remainder after division, to tell if k is odd; if so, we
// add 1 to make it even.
if k % 2 == 1 then k = k + 1
// Now we count up by 2 from k, until we find a number that,
// when squared, ends in 269696 (using % again).
while k^2 % 1000000 != 269696
k = k + 2
end while
// The first such number we find is our answer.
print k + "^2 = " + k^2
- Output:
25264^2 = 638269696
Modula-2
MODULE BabbageProblem;
FROM FormatString IMPORT FormatString;
FROM RealMath IMPORT sqrt;
FROM Terminal IMPORT WriteString,ReadChar;
VAR
buf : ARRAY[0..63] OF CHAR;
k : INTEGER;
BEGIN
(* Find the greatest integer less than the square root *)
k := TRUNC(sqrt(269696.0));
(* Odd numbers cannot be solutions, so decrement *)
IF k MOD 2 = 1 THEN
DEC(k);
END;
(* Find a number that meets the criteria *)
WHILE (k*k) MOD 1000000 # 269696 DO
INC(k,2)
END;
FormatString("%i * %i = %i", buf, k, k, k*k);
WriteString(buf);
ReadChar
END BabbageProblem.
Nanoquery
n = 0
while not (n ^ 2 % 1000000) = 269696
n += 1
end
println n
- Output:
25264
NetRexx
/* NetRexx */
options replace format comments java crossref symbols nobinary utf8
numeric digits 5000 -- set up numeric precision
babbageNr = babbage() -- call a function to perform the analysis and capture the result
babbageSq = babbageNr ** 2 -- calculate the square of the result
-- display results using a library function
System.out.printf("%,10d\u00b2 == %,12d%n", [Integer(babbageNr), Integer(babbageSq)])
return
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-- A function method to answer Babbage's question:
-- "What is the smallest positive integer whose square ends in the digits 269,696?"
-- — Babbage, letter to Lord Bowden, 1837;
-- see Hollingdale and Tootill, Electronic Computers, second edition, 1970, p. 125.
-- (He thought the answer might be 99,736, whose square is 9,947,269,696; but he couldn't be certain.)
method babbage() public static binary
n = int 104 -- (integer arithmatic)
-- begin a processing loop to determine the value
-- starting point: 104
loop while ((n * n) // 1000000) \= 269696
-- loop continues while the remainder of n squared divided by 1,000,000 is not equal to 269,696
if n // 10 == 4 then do
-- increment n by 2 if the remainder of n divided by 10 equals 4
n = n + 2
end
if n // 10 == 6 then do
-- increment n by 8 if the remainder of n divided by 10 equals 6
n = n + 8
end
end
return n -- end the function and return the result
- Output:
25,264² == 638,269,696
NewLisp
;;; Start by assigning n the integer square root of 269696
;;; minus 1 to be even
(setq n 518)
;;; Increment n by 2 till the last 6 digits of its square are 269696
(while (!= (% (* n n) 1000000) 269696)
(++ n 2))
;;; Show the result and its square
(println n "^2 = " (* n n))
- Output:
25264^2 = 638269696
Nim
var n : int = 0
while n*n mod 1_000_000 != 269_696:
inc(n)
echo n
- Output:
25264
Objeck
class Babbage {
function : Main(args : String[]) ~ Nil {
cur := 0;
do {
cur++;
}
while(cur * cur % 1000000 <> 269696);
cur_sqr := cur * cur;
"The square of {$cur} is {$cur_sqr}!"->PrintLine();
}
}
- Output:
The square of 25264 is 638269696!
OCaml
let rec f a=
if (a*a) mod 1000000 != 269696
then f(a+1)
else a
in
let a= f 1 in
Printf.printf "smallest positive integer whose square ends in the digits 269696 is %d\n" a
Ol
(print
(let loop ((i 2))
(if (eq? (mod (* i i) 1000000) 269696)
i
(loop (+ i 1)))))
- Output:
25264
PARI/GP
m=269696;
k=1000000;
{for(n=1,99736,
\\ Try each number in this range, from 1 to 99736
if(denominator((n^2-m)/k)==1, \\ Check if n squared, minus m, is divisible by k
return(n) \\ If so, return this number and STOP.
)
)}
Pascal
program BabbageProblem;
(* Anything bracketed off like this is an explanatory comment. *)
var n : longint; (* The VARiable n can hold a 'long', ie large, INTeger. *)
begin
n := 2; (* Start with n equal to 2. *)
repeat
n := n + 2 (* Increase n by 2. *)
until (n * n) mod 1000000 = 269696;
(* 'n * n' means 'n times n'; 'mod' means 'modulo'. *)
write(n)
end.
- Output:
25264
Perl
Naive
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict ;
use warnings ;
my $current = 0 ;
while ( ($current ** 2 ) % 1000000 != 269696 ) {
$current++ ;
}
print "The square of $current is " . ($current * $current) . " !\n" ;
- Output:
The square of 25264 is 638269696 !
More efficient and well documented
I am pretty sure that comments and efficient code would be appreciated by Mr. Babbage.
# Dear Mr. Babbage,
# in the following code, $number is the variable to contain the number
# we're looking for. '%' is the modulo division operator and '!='
# means "not equal to".
# We start to search with 518, because no smaller number can be even
# squared to 269696. We also increment the number always by 2, as no
# odd number can be part of the solution. We do this, because
# computational power - even in 2022 - does not grow on trees.
# And even if it did, we have less of them than you did.
my $number = 518;
while ( ($number ** 2) % 1000000 != 269696 ) {
$number += 2 ;
}
print "The square of $number is " . ($number ** 2) . " !\n";
- Output:
The square of 25264 is 638269696 !
Phix
We can omit anything odd, as any odd number squared is obviously always odd.
Mr Babbage might need the whole "i is a variable" thing explained, and that "?i" prints the value of i, nowt else springs to mind.
with javascript_semantics for i=2 to 99736 by 2 do if remainder(i*i,1000000)=269696 then ?i exit end if end for
- Output:
25264
Proper method
This might confuse poor old Mr Babbage and require much more explanation, but I like to think he'd be quietly impressed with the approach.
Create a list of one-digit numbers whose square ends in 6, then use that list to create/filter
all two-digit numbers whose square ends in 96, and so on.
For simplicity and with some poetic licence we start with {0} as the list of all zero-digit numbers that end in "" aka nothing specific.
with javascript_semantics procedure solve_babbage_problem() -- (so that return quits 3 loops) sequence cands = {0}, -- n-digit candidates (n initially 0) nextc = {} -- n+1-digit candidates, aka next "" integer p10 = 1, -- power of 10 for adding prefixes r10 = 10, -- power of 10 for getting remainder cc = 0 -- count of calculations for digits=1 to 6 do -- aka 1..length("269696") for prefix=0 to 9*p10 by p10 do for cand in sq_add(prefix,cands) do atom square = cand*cand cc += 1 if remainder(square,r10) = remainder(269696,r10) then if digits=6 then printf(1,"Solution: %d (%d calcs)\n",{cand,cc}) return -- leave solve_babbage_problem() end if nextc &= cand -- add candidate for next iteration end if end for end for {cands,nextc} = {nextc,{}} printf(1,"%d-digit candidates: %v\n",{digits,cands}) p10 *= 10 r10 *= 10 end for end procedure solve_babbage_problem()
- Output:
1-digit candidates: {4,6} 2-digit candidates: {14,36,64,86} 3-digit candidates: {236,264,736,764} 4-digit candidates: {264,2236,2764,4736,5264,7236,7764,9736} 5-digit candidates: {264,24736,25264,49736,50264,74736,75264,99736} Solution: 25264 (193 calcs)
As you can see this would be significantly quicker (by hand) than adding 2 about 12,500 times, or even starting from 514 and only checking numbers that end in 4 or 6, still nearly 5,000 of 'em, whereas this is a mere 193 calculations/squares. Of course the answer we are looking for is the first/lowest 6-digit candidate found. Note a depth-first search finds at least 6 larger solutions before the lowest, whereas the breadth-first approach as used does not.
Should you replace "if digits=6 then" with "if remainder(cand2,1e6)=269696 then", which anyone performing this manually would find unmissable, then you get the answer in just 131 calculations (r10 is 1e5 when that triggers).
For reference and from a previous version, the full list of 6-digit candidates would be:
6-digit candidates: {25264,99736,150264,224736,275264,349736,400264,474736,525264,599736,650264,724736,775264,849736,900264,974736}
Notice that "0264" is a valid 4-digit candidate, and "00264" a valid 5-digit one, as proved by the presence of 400264 and 900264.
PHP
<?php
for (
$i = 1 ; // Initial positive integer to check
($i * $i) % 1000000 !== 269696 ; // While i*i does not end with the digits 269,696
$i++ // ... go to next integer
);
echo $i, ' * ', $i, ' = ', ($i * $i), PHP_EOL; // Print the result
- Output:
25264 * 25264 = 638269696
Picat
Iterative
main =>
N = 1,
while (N**2 mod 1000000 != 269696)
N := N + 1
end,
println(N).
- Output:
25264
Constraint modelling
import cp.
main =>
N*N mod 1000000 #= 269696, % ends with "269696"
N #> 0, % positive integer
solve($[min(N)],[N]), % minimize N
println(n=N).
- Output:
25264
PicoLisp
: (for N 99736 # Iterate N from 1 to 99736
(T (= 269696 (% (* N N) 1000000)) N) ) # Stop if remainder is 269696
-> 25264
PILOT
Remark:Lines identified as "remarks" are intended for the human reader, and will be ignored by the machine.
Remark:A "compute" instruction gives a value to a variable.
Remark:We begin by making the variable n equal to 2.
Compute:n = 2
Remark:Lines beginning with asterisks are labels. We can instruct the machine to "jump" to them, rather than carrying on to the next instruction as it normally would.
*CheckNextNumber
Remark:In "compute" instructions, "x * y" should be read as "x times y" and "x % y" as "x modulo y".
Compute:square = n * n
Compute:lastSix = square % 1000000
Remark:A "jump" instruction that includes an equation or an inequality in parentheses jumps to the designated label if and only if the equation or inequality is true.
Jump( lastSix = 269696 ):*FoundIt
Remark:If the last six digits are not equal to 269696, add 2 to n and jump back to "CheckNextNumber".
Compute:n = n + 2
Jump:*CheckNextNumber
*FoundIt
Remark:Type, i.e. print, the result. The symbol "#" means that what follows is one of our variables and the machine should type its value.
Type:The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is #n. Its square is #square.
Remark:The end.
End:
Plain English
To run:
Start up.
Put 1 into a number.
Loop.
Divide the number times the number by 1000000 giving a quotient and a remainder.
If the remainder is 269696, break.
Bump the number.
Repeat.
Write "The answer is " then the number on the console.
Wait for the escape key.
Shut down.
- Output:
The answer is 25264
PL/I
/* Babbage might have used a difference engine to compute squares. */
/* The algorithm used here uses only additions to form successive squares. */
/* Since there is no guarantee that the final square will not exceed a */
/* 32-bit integer word, modulus is formed to limit the magnitude of the */
/* squares, since we are really interested only in the last six digits of */
/* the square. */
Babbage_problem: procedure options (main); /* R. Vowels, 19 Dec. 2021 */
declare n fixed decimal (5);
declare (odd, sq) fixed binary (31);
odd = 3; sq = 4; /* the initial square is 4 */
do n = 3 to 99736;
odd = odd + 2;
sq = sq + odd; /* form the next square */
if sq >= 1000000 then sq = sq - 1000000; /* keep the remainder */
if sq = 269696 then leave;
end;
put ('The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is ' || trim(n) );
put skip list ('The corresponding square is ' || trim (n*n) );
/* Even if the number had been 99736, n*n would not have overflowed */
/* because decimal arithmetic allows up to 15 decimal digits. */
end Babbage_problem;
- Output:
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is 25264 The corresponding square is 638269696
PowerShell
###########################################################################################
#
# Definitions:
#
# Lines that begin with the "#" symbol are comments: they will be ignored by the machine.
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# While
#
# Run a command block based on the results of a conditional test.
#
# Syntax
# while (condition) {command_block}
#
# Key
#
# condition If this evaluates to TRUE the loop {command_block} runs.
# when the loop has run once the condition is evaluated again.
#
# command_block Commands to run each time the loop repeats.
#
# As long as the condition remains true, PowerShell reruns the {command_block} section.
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# * means 'multiplied by'
# % means 'modulo', or remainder after division
# -ne means 'is not equal to'
# ++ means 'increment variable by one'
#
###########################################################################################
# Declare a variable, $integer, with a starting value of 0.
$integer = 0
while (($integer * $integer) % 1000000 -ne 269696)
{
$integer++
}
# Show the result.
$integer
- Output:
25264
Alternative method
By looping through potential squares instead of potential square roots, we reduce the number of loops by a factor of 40.
# Start with the smallest potential square number
$TestSquare = 269696
# Test if our potential square is a square
# by testing if the square root of it is an integer
# Test if the square root is an integer by testing if the remainder
# of the square root divided by 1 is greater than zero
# % is the remainder operator
# -gt is the "greater than" operator
# While the remainder of the square root divided by one is greater than zero
While ( [Math]::Sqrt( $TestSquare ) % 1 -gt 0 )
{
# Add 100,000 to get the next potential square number
$TestSquare = $TestSquare + 1000000
}
# This will loop until we get a value for $TestSquare that is a square number
# Caclulate the root
$Root = [Math]::Sqrt( $TestSquare )
# Display the result and its square
$Root
$TestSquare
- Output:
25264 638269696
Processing
// Lines that begin with two slashes, thus, are comments: they
// will be ignored by the machine.
// First we must declare a variable, n, suitable to store an integer:
int n;
// Each statement we address to the machine must end with a semicolon.
// To begin with, the value of n will be zero:
n = 0;
// Now we must repeatedly increase it by one, checking each time to see
// whether its square ends in 269,696.
// We shall do this by seeing whether the remainder, when n squared
// is divided by one million, is equal to 269,696.
do {
n = n + 1;
} while (n * n % 1000000 != 269696);
// To read this formula, it is necessary to know the following
// elements of the notation:
// * means 'multiplied by'
// % means 'modulo', or remainder after division
// != means 'is not equal to'
// Now that we have our result, we need to display it.
// println is short for 'print line'
println(n);
- Output:
25264
Prolog
Works with Swi-Prolog version 7+
:- use_module(library(clpfd)).
babbage_(B, B, Sq) :-
B * B #= Sq,
number_chars(Sq, R),
append(_, ['2','6','9','6','9','6'], R).
babbage_(B, R, Sq) :-
N #= B + 1,
babbage_(N, R, Sq).
babbage :-
once(babbage_(1, Num, Square)),
format('lowest number is ~p which squared becomes ~p~n', [Num, Square]).
- Output:
?- babbage. lowest number is 25264 which squared becomes 638269696 true.
alternative
with swi-prolog buildin between -> Output is the same
babbage :-
Start is ceil(sqrt(269696)),
between(Start, inf, N),
Square is N * N,
Square mod 100 =:= 96, % speed up
Square mod 1000000 =:= 269696,!, % break after first true
format('lowest number is ~d which squared becomes ~d~n', [N, Square]).
PureBasic
EnableExplicit
Macro putresult(n)
If OpenConsole("Babbage_problem")
PrintN("The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is " + Str(n))
Input()
EndIf
EndMacro
CompilerIf #PB_Processor_x64
#MAXINT = 1 << 63 - 1
CompilerElseIf #PB_Processor_x86
#MAXINT = 1 << 31 - 1
CompilerEndIf
#GOAL = 269696
#DIV = 1000000
Define n.i, q.i = Int(Sqr(#MAXINT))
For n = 2 To q Step 2
If (n*n) % #DIV = #GOAL : putresult(n) : Break : EndIf
Next
- Output:
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is 25264
Python
# Lines that start by # are a comments:
# they will be ignored by the machine
n=0 # n is a variable and its value is 0
# we will increase its value by one until
# its square ends in 269,696
while n**2 % 1000000 != 269696:
# n**2 -> n squared
# % -> 'modulo' or remainder after division
# != -> not equal to
n += 1 # += -> increase by a certain number
print(n) # prints n
Short version:
print(next(x for x in range(30000) if pow(x, 2, 1000000) == 269696))
- Output:
25264
Or, by chaining iterators, without multiplication or exponentiation:
from itertools import accumulate, count
print(*next(filter(lambda t: t[1] % 1000000 == 269696, enumerate(accumulate(count(1, 2)), 1))))
- Output:
25264 638269696
Or, generating a non-finite stream of numbers which are the sum of 269696 and some integer multiple of one million, and also have an integer square root:
'''Babbage problem'''
from math import (floor, sqrt)
from itertools import (islice)
# squaresWithSuffix :: Int -> Gen [Int]
def squaresWithSuffix(n):
'''Non finite stream of squares with a given suffix.'''
stem = 10 ** len(str(n))
i = 0
while True:
i = until(lambda x: isPerfectSquare(n + (stem * x)))(
succ
)(i)
yield n + (stem * i)
i = succ(i)
# isPerfectSquare :: Int -> Bool
def isPerfectSquare(n):
'''True if n is a perfect square.'''
r = sqrt(n)
return r == floor(r)
# TEST ----------------------------------------------------
# main :: IO ()
def main():
'''Smallest positive integers whose squares end in the digits 269,696'''
print(
fTable(main.__doc__ + ':\n')(
lambda n: str(int(sqrt(n))) + '^2'
)(repr)(identity)(
take(10)(squaresWithSuffix(269696))
)
)
# GENERIC -------------------------------------------------
# identity :: a -> a
def identity(x):
'''The identity function.'''
return x
# succ :: Enum a => a -> a
def succ(x):
'''The successor of a value.
For numeric types, (1 +).
'''
return 1 + x if isinstance(x, int) else (
chr(1 + ord(x))
)
# take :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
# take :: Int -> String -> String
def take(n):
'''The prefix of xs of length n,
or xs itself if n > length xs.
'''
return lambda xs: (
xs[0:n]
if isinstance(xs, (list, tuple))
else list(islice(xs, n))
)
# until :: (a -> Bool) -> (a -> a) -> a -> a
def until(p):
'''The result of repeatedly applying f until p holds.
The initial seed value is x.
'''
def go(f, x):
v = x
while not p(v):
v = f(v)
return v
return lambda f: lambda x: go(f, x)
# FORMATTING ----------------------------------------------
# fTable :: String -> (a -> String) ->
# (b -> String) -> (a -> b) -> [a] -> String
def fTable(s):
'''Heading -> x display function -> fx display function ->
f -> xs -> tabular string.
'''
def go(xShow, fxShow, f, xs):
ys = [xShow(x) for x in xs]
w = max(map(len, ys))
return s + '\n' + '\n'.join(map(
lambda x, y: y.rjust(w, ' ') + ' -> ' + fxShow(f(x)),
xs, ys
))
return lambda xShow: lambda fxShow: lambda f: lambda xs: go(
xShow, fxShow, f, xs
)
# MAIN ---
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
- Output:
Smallest positive integers whose squares end in the digits 269,696: 25264^2 -> 638269696 99736^2 -> 9947269696 150264^2 -> 22579269696 224736^2 -> 50506269696 275264^2 -> 75770269696 349736^2 -> 122315269696 400264^2 -> 160211269696 474736^2 -> 225374269696 525264^2 -> 275902269696 599736^2 -> 359683269696 [Finished in 0.285s]
As a footnote on what Babbage might have managed with pencil and paper – applying the squaresWithSuffix(n) function to shorter suffixes (6, 96, 696 ...) enables us to explore the way in which the final digits of the integer root constrain and determine those of the perfect square. It quickly becomes apparent that Mr Babbage need only have considered roots ending in the digit sequences 264 or 736, a constraint which, had he deduced it with pencil and paper, would have allowed him to reach 25264 after testing the squares of only 24 other numbers.
Quackery
( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
( The computer will ignore anything between parentheses, providing there is
a space or carriage return on either side of each parenthesis. )
( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
( A number squared is that number, multiplied by itself.
Here, "dup" means "make a duplicate" and "*" means "multiply two numbers",
So "dup *" means "make a duplicate of a number and multiply it by itself".
We will tell the computer that this action is called "squared". )
[ dup * ] is squared
( "squared" takes a number and returns that number, squared. )
( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
( A number n ends with the digits 269696 if n mod 1000000 = 269696,
When expressed in postfix notation this is: 1000000 mod 269696 =
We will tell the computer that this test is called "ends.with.269696". )
[ 1000000 mod 269696 = ] is ends.with.269696
( "ends.with.269696" takes a number and returns true if it ends with 269696,
and false if it does not. )
( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
( The square root of 269696 is approximately equal to 518.35, so we need not
consider numbers less than 519.
Starting withe 518, we will intruct the computer to repeatedly add 2 to
the number using the command "2 +" (because the number we are looking for
must be an even number as the square root of any even perfect square
must be an even number), then square a duplicate of the number until a
value is found of which its square ends with 269696.
"until" will take the truth value returned by "ends.with.269696" and, if
that value is "false", will cause the previous commands from the nearest
"[" preceding "until" to be repeated.
When the value is "true" the computer will proceed to the word "echo",
which will take the calculated solution and display it on the screen. )
518 [ 2 + dup squared ends.with.269696 until ] echo
( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
- Output:
25264
R
babbage_function=function(){
n=0
while (n**2%%1000000!=269696) {
n=n+1
}
return(n)
}
babbage_function()[length(babbage_function())]
- Output:
25264
Racket
;; Text from a semicolon to the end of a line is ignored
;; This lets the racket engine know it is running racket
#lang racket
;; “define” defines a function in the engine
;; we can use an English name for the function
;; a number ends in 269696 when its remainder when
;; divided by 1000000 is 269696 (we omit commas in
;; numbers... they are used for another reason).
(define (ends-in-269696? x)
(= (remainder x 1000000) 269696))
;; we now define another function square-ends-in-269696?
;; actually this is the composition of ends-in-269696? and
;; the squaring function (which is called “sqr” in racket)
(define square-ends-in-269696? (compose ends-in-269696? sqr))
;; a for loop lets us iterate (it’s a long Latin word which
;; Victorians are good at using) over a number range.
;;
;; for/first go through the range and break when it gets to
;; the first true value
;;
;; (in-range a b) produces all of the integers from a (inclusive)
;; to b (exclusive). Because we know that 99736² ends in 269696,
;; we will stop there. The add1 is to make in-range include 99736
;;
;; we define a new variable, so that we can test the verity of
;; our result
(define first-number-that-when-squared-ends-in-269696
(for/first ((i ; “i” will become the ubiquetous looping variable of the future!
(in-range 1 (add1 99736)))
; when returns when only the first one that matches
#:when (square-ends-in-269696? i))
i))
;; display prints values out; newline writes a new line (otherwise everything
;; gets stuck together)
(display first-number-that-when-squared-ends-in-269696)
(newline)
(display (sqr first-number-that-when-squared-ends-in-269696))
(newline)
(newline)
(display (ends-in-269696? (sqr first-number-that-when-squared-ends-in-269696)))
(newline)
(display (square-ends-in-269696? first-number-that-when-squared-ends-in-269696))
(newline)
;; that all seems satisfactory
- Output:
25264 638269696 #t #t
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
This could certainly be written more concisely. Extra verbiage is included to make the process more clear.
# For all positive integers from 1 to Infinity
for 1 .. Inf -> $integer {
# calculate the square of the integer
my $square = $integer²;
# print the integer and square and exit if the square modulo 1000000 is equal to 269696
print "{$integer}² equals $square" and exit if $square mod 1000000 == 269696;
}
- Output:
25264² equals 638269696
More concisely (but clear enough to allow Mr. Babbage to understand what's going on?):
.say and exit if $_² % 1e6 == 269696 for ^∞;
- Output:
25264
Notice that `exit` ends the process itself instead of ending just the loop, as `last` would. `exit` would arguably be easier to understand for Babbage though, so it may better fill the task requirement.
Red
Red []
number: 510 ;; starting number
;; repeat, until the last condition in the block is true
until [
number: number + 2 ;; only even numbers can have even squares
;; The word modulo computes the non-negative remainder of the
;; first argument divided by the second argument.
;; ** => Returns a number raised to a given power (exponent)
269696 = modulo (number ** 2) 1000000
]
?? number
- Output:
number: 25264
REXX
Each of the first three REXX programs were constructed to be as simple as possible so as to be easily understood by a mathematican (in Mr. Charles Babbage's time).
For instance, in Charles Babbage's era, multiplication of j and j would be jj (implied multiplication), so it would be necessary to explain that an asterisk (*) means multiplication. Another form of multiplication in his day would be: j x j or j ∙ j. Most mathematical or algebraic texts used simple letters for values (we would now call them variables when dealing with computer programs).
Fortunately, the REXX language uses decimal numbers, so binary values don't need to be explained.
So, with that in mind, the use of (REXX) arithermetic operators were explained within a comment, as well as trying to explain some statements in the REXX language. And, further comments probably should've been added to explain what a comment is in the REXX language (and for that matter, comments should've been included for each and every REXX statement explaining what the instruction (statement) does and what the nomenclature means. Fortunately, most REXX statements are easy understood (one of REXX's design goals) and (most likely) are intuitively understood (at least on a fundamental or basic level), although a do or for loop would be confusing without a detailed explanation of what a loop is.
A computer program (in his day) would've been undstood to be list of instructions to a (human) computer to be performed, quite literally.
For instance, Mr. Babbage would know of a typewriter (machine), and, to the human computers in his day and age, they would've known (or intuited) what a type or print instruction would do, and he would recognize that the (human) computer would use a typewriter. An idle monitor on the other hand (I suspect), he would be baffled and he wouldn't probably know of it's function. When not displaying anything, it looks like an ineffective mirror, possibly having a blinking cursor, whatever that is.
(In those days of yore, a cursor was the movable transparent slide on a slide rule.)
If this were a computer program to be shown to a computer programming novice (albeit a very
intelligent polymath novice), the computer program would also have
a lot more comments,
notes, and accompanying verbiage which would/could/should explain:
- what a (computer program) comment looks like
- what a computer is
- what a computer program is
- how a computer stores numbers and such
- what are variables and how to store stuff in them
- how the do loop works (initial value, incrementation, etc)
- how an assignment = operator works
- how a comparison == operator works
- how an if statement works
- what a (computer program) statement is
- what the * operator is and how it does multiplication
- what the + operator is and how it does addition
- what the // operator is and how it does division remainder
- what the right BIF does
-
whowhat a BIF is and how it returns a value - how/when the then cause gets executed (after an if)
- explain how/why an end statement is needed for a do loop
- explain how a leave statement works
- ··· the say is probably the only statement that is self─explanatory
examine the right-most six digits of square
/*REXX program finds the lowest (positive) integer whose square ends in 269,696. */
do j=2 by 2 until right(j * j, 6) == 269696 /*start J at two, increment by two. */
end /*◄── signifies the end of the DO loop.*/
/* [↑] * means multiplication. */
say "The smallest integer whose square ends in 269,696 is: " j
- output:
The smallest integer whose square ends in 269,696 is: 25264
examine remainder after dividing by one million
/*REXX program finds the lowest (positive) integer whose square ends in 269,696. */
do j=2 by 2 /*start J at two, increment by two. */
if ((j * j) // 1000000) == 269696 then leave /*is square mod one million our target?*/
end /*◄── signifies the end of the DO loop.*/
/* [↑] // is division remainder.*/
say "The smallest integer whose square ends in 269,696 is: " j
- output is identical to the 1st REXX version.
examine only numbers ending in 4 or 6
/*REXX program finds the lowest (positive) integer whose square ends in 269,696. */
/*─────────────────── we will only examine integers that are ending in four or six. */
do j=4 by 10 /*start J at four, increment by ten.*/
k = j /*set K to J's value. */
if right(k * k, 6) == 269696 then leave /*examine right-most 6 decimal digits. */
/* == means exactly equal to. */
k = j+2 /*set K to J+2 value. */
if right(k * k, 6) == 269696 then leave /*examine right-most 6 decimal digits. */
end /*◄── signifies the end of the DO loop.*/
/* [↑] * means multiplication. */
say "The smallest integer whose square ends in 269,696 is: " k
- output is identical to the 1st REXX version.
start with smallest possible number
/*REXX ----------------------------------------------------------------
* The solution must actually be larger than sqrt(269696)=519.585
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
z=0
Do i=524 By 10 Until z>0
If right(i*i,6)==269696 then z=i
Else Do
j=i+2
if right(j*j,6)==269696 then z=j
End
End
Say "The smallest integer whose square ends in 269696 is:" z
Say ' 'z'**2 =' z**2
- Output:
The smallest integer whose square ends in 269696 is: 25264 25264**2 = 638269696
Ring
n = 0
while pow(n,2) % 1000000 != 269696
n = n + 1
end
see "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is : " + n + nl
see "Its square is : " + pow(n,2)
Output:
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is : 25264 Its square is : 638269696
RPL
Whoever trying to make easy-to-understand RPL code faces 3 main roadblocks:
- data handling relies on a stack, even if variables can also be used
- syntax is postfixed - which makes sense with stack-based operations
- comments cannot be freely inserted within the code
Mr Babbage was a great mathematician and, having worked on the task, he had to know that the solution s is a multiple of 8, since
s^2 = n.10^6 + 269696 = 64 * (15625.n + 4214)
and that it is greater than the square root of 269696. A simple but efficient algorithm is then to test all multiples of 8 from 512, which is the multiple just below the square root of 269696, up to the solution. In the worst case, the loop would end at 99736..
But without some previous training, even a very clever man like Mr. Babbage would have some difficulty to decipher such an algorithm within the uncommented RPL code to solve the task:
≪ 512 DO 8 + UNTIL DUP n SQ 1E6 MOD 269696 == END ≫
To better answer the task, it is then needed to adopt a coding style closer to the one used by Mr. Babbage (and Mrs. Lovelace) to program the Analytic Engine (AE).
Such programs were actually tables, one line figuring one program step, the left columns (the 'Mill' = the CPU) describing the arithmetic operations to perform from registers to registers, called 'variables' and named v0..vn, represented by the columns on the right (the 'Store' = the RAM). Due to this syntax, it was not possible in the same instruction to use a variable both as an operand and a destination, i.e. x = x + y
could not be directly coded.
Operations were restricted to +-*/
. What seems today basic like x^y
or MOD(x)
was not wired in the AE. And don't even think about a function calculating the square root...
Branch instructions were not available : AE's human operator, in charge of initializing the variables and turning the crank (= both the CPU clock and the power supply), had also to analyze the results and react accordingly, thus assuming the responsibility of properly executing all the IF..THEN..ELSE
and DO..UNTIL
that algorithms would require.
The following program mimics Mr. Babbage's programming way, inspired by these notes on solving two simultaneous equations kept by the Science Museum Group Collection. After a short initialisation sequence affecting values to some column variables, the « Mill » calls 2 variables line after line, performs an arithmetic operation and put back the result in a specific column variable of the « Store ». Once the calculation sequence is completed, the AE operator shall take a decision, according to the value of column v4;
Code for Mr. Babbage | Comments for Rosetta Coders |
---|---|
≪ 512 0 8 1000000 269696 'v0' 'v10' 'v11' 'v12' 'v13' →STORE DO Mill Store v0 v11 + 'v1' °END v1 v10 + 'v0' °END v0 v1 * 'v2' °END v2 v12 / 'v3' °END v3 v12 * 'v4' °END v2 v4 - 'v3' °END v3 v13 - 'v4' °END UNTIL v4 IS°NIL END PRINT v4 ≫ |
Store the starting values of n and constants into each variable below Let's start turning the crank v1 = v0 + v11 = n + 8 v0 = v1 + 0 = n + 8 // the only way to copy a register into another v2 = v0 x v1 = n^2 v3 = v2 % v12 = n^2 % 10000 v4 = v3 * v12 = (n^2 % 10000)*10000 v3 = v2 - v4 = n^2 mod 10000 v4 = v3 - v13 = (n^2 mod 10000) - 269696 Exit condition Babbage's machine had a printer! |
Some words have been especially created to improve Babbage-readability: →STORE
stores values in the appropriate variables, IS°NIL
compares stack content to zero, °END
actually stores stack content into the variable named just before; Mill
, Store
and PRINT
do absolutely nothing and are actually one-word comments:
≪ 6 2 FOR n n ROLL SWAP STO -1 STEP ≫ '→STORE' STO ≪ 0 == ≫ 'IS°NIL' STO ≪ SWAP IP SWAP STO ≫ '°END' STO ≪ ≫ 'Mill' STO ≪ ≫ 'Store' STO ≪ ≫ 'PRINT' STO
- Output:
1: 25264
Ruby
n = 0
n = n + 2 until (n*n).modulo(1000000) == 269696
print n
Run BASIC
for n = 1 to 1000000
if n^2 MOD 1000000 = 269696 then exit for
next
PRINT "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is "; n
PRINT "Its square is "; n^2
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is 25264 Its square is 638269696
Rust
Imperative version
fn main() {
let mut current = 0;
while (current * current) % 1_000_000 != 269_696 {
current += 1;
}
println!(
"The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is {}",
current
);
}
- Output:
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is 25264
Finding in infinite range
fn main() {
if let Some(n) = (1..).find(|x| x * x % 1_000_000 == 269_696) {
println!("The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is {}", n)
}
}
Which outputs the same thing as above.
Scala
object BabbageProblem {
def main( args:Array[String] ): Unit = {
var x : Int = 524 // Sqrt of 269696 = 519.something
while( (x * x) % 1000000 != 269696 ){
if( x % 10 == 4 ) x = x + 2
else x = x + 8
}
println("The smallest positive integer whose square ends in 269696 = " + x )
}
}
- Output:
The smallest positive integer whose square ends in 269696 = 25264
or same solution with a functional implementation
import scala.annotation.tailrec
object BabbageProblem {
@tailrec
def findItFrom(x: Int): Int =
if ((x * x) % 1000000 == 269696) x
else findItFrom(
if (x % 10 == 4) x + 2
else x + 8
)
def findIt: Int = findItFrom(524) // Sqrt of 269696 = 519.something
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
println("The smallest positive integer whose square ends in 269696 = " + findIt)
}
- Output:
The smallest positive integer whose square ends in 269696 = 25264
Scheme
(define (digits n)
(string->list (number->string n)))
(define (ends-with list tail)
;; does list end with tail?
(starts-with (reverse list)
(reverse tail)))
(define (starts-with list head)
(cond ((null? head)
#t)
((null? list)
#f)
((equal? (car list) (car head))
(starts-with (cdr list) (cdr head)))
(else
#f)))
(let loop ((i 1))
(if (ends-with (digits (* i i)) (digits 269696))
i
(loop (+ i 1))))
;; 25264
Scilab
n=2;
flag=%F
while ~flag
n = n+2;
if pmodulo(n*n,1000000)==269696 then
flag=%T;
end
end
disp(n);
- Output:
25264.
Seed7
$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
const proc: main is func
local
var integer: current is 0;
begin
while current ** 2 rem 1000000 <> 269696 do
incr(current);
end while;
writeln("The square of " <& current <& " is " <& current ** 2);
end func;
- Output:
The square of 25264 is 638269696
SenseTalk
(*
Answer Charles Babbage's question:
What is the smallest positive integer whose square ends in the digits 269,696?
*)
put 1 into int
repeat forever
if int squared ends with "269696" then
put "The smallest positive integer whose square ends in the digits 269696 is" && int
exit all -- don't keep repeating forever!
end if
add 1 to int
end repeat
Note that because SenseTalk sees things as an ordinary person does, there is no need to make a distinction between a number and its text representation.
SequenceL
main() := babbage(0);
babbage(current) :=
current when current * current mod 1000000 = 269696
else
babbage(current + 1);
- Output:
cmd:> babbage.exe 25264
Shen
(define babbage
N -> N where (= 269696 (shen.mod (* N N) 1000000)))
N -> (babbage (+ N 1))
(babbage 1)
- Output:
25264
Sidef
var n = 0
while (n*n % 1000000 != 269696) {
n += 2
}
say n
- Output:
25264
Simula
BEGIN
INTEGER PROBE, SQUARE;
BOOLEAN DONE;
WHILE NOT DONE DO BEGIN
PROBE := PROBE + 1;
SQUARE := PROBE * PROBE;
IF MOD(SQUARE, 1000000) = 269696 THEN BEGIN
OUTTEXT("THE SMALLEST NUMBER: ");
OUTINT(PROBE,0);
OUTIMAGE;
OUTTEXT("THE SQUARE : ");
OUTINT(SQUARE,0);
OUTIMAGE;
DONE := TRUE;
END;
END;
END
- Output:
THE SMALLEST NUMBER: 25264 THE SQUARE : 638269696
Smalltalk
"We use one variable, called n. Let it initially be equal to 1. Then keep increasing it by 1 for only as long as the remainder after dividing by a million is not equal to 269,696; finally, show the value of n."
| n |
n := 1.
[ n squared \\ 1000000 = 269696 ] whileFalse: [ n := n + 1 ].
n
- Output:
25264
SQL
/*
This code is an implementation of Babbage Problem in SQL ORACLE 19c
p_ziel -- the substring to search for, which can start with leading zeros
p_max -- upper bound of the cycle
v_max -- safe determination of the upper bound of the cycle
v_start -- safe starting point
*/
with
function babbage(p_ziel in varchar2, p_max integer) return varchar2 is
v_max integer := greatest(p_max,to_number('1E+'||length(to_char(p_ziel))));
v_start number := case when substr(p_ziel,1,1)='0' then ceil(sqrt('1'||p_ziel)) else ceil(sqrt(p_ziel)) end;
v_length number := to_number('1E+'||length(to_char(p_ziel)));
begin
-- first check
if substr(p_ziel,-1) in (2,3,7,8) then
return 'The exact square of an integer cannot end with '''||substr(p_ziel,-1)||''', so there is no such smallest number whose square ends in '''||p_ziel||'''';
end if;
-- second check
if regexp_count(p_ziel,'([^0]0{1,}$)')=1 and mod(regexp_count(regexp_substr(p_ziel,'(0{1,}$)'),'0'),2)=1 then
return 'An exact square of an integer cannot end with an odd number of zeros, so there is no such smallest number whose square ends in '''||p_ziel||'''';
end if;
-- main cycle
while v_start < v_max loop
exit when mod(v_start**2,v_length) = p_ziel;
v_start := v_start + 1;
end loop;
-- output
if v_start = v_max then
return 'There is no such smallest number before '||v_max||' whose square ends in '''||p_ziel||'''';
else
return ''||v_start||' is the smallest number, whose square '||regexp_replace(to_char(v_start**2),'(\d{1,})('||p_ziel||')','\1''\2''')||' ends in '''||p_ziel||'''';
end if;
--
end;
--Test
select babbage('222',100000) as res from dual
union all
select babbage('33',100000) as res from dual
union all
select babbage('17',100000) as res from dual
union all
select babbage('888',100000) as res from dual
union all
select babbage('1000',100000) as res from dual
union all
select babbage('000',100000) as res from dual
union all
select babbage('269696',100000) as res from dual -- strict Babbage Problem
union all
select babbage('269696',10) as res from dual
union all
select babbage('169696',10) as res from dual
union all
select babbage('19696',100000) as res from dual
union all
select babbage('04',100000) as res from dual;
- Output:
The exact square of an integer cannot end with '2', so there is no such smallest number whose square ends in '222' The exact square of an integer cannot end with '3', so there is no such smallest number whose square ends in '33' The exact square of an integer cannot end with '7', so there is no such smallest number whose square ends in '17' The exact square of an integer cannot end with '8', so there is no such smallest number whose square ends in '888' An exact square of an integer cannot end with an odd number of zeros, so there is no such smallest number whose square ends in '1000' 100 is the smallest number, whose square 10'000' ends in '000' 25264 is the smallest number, whose square 638'269696' ends in '269696' 25264 is the smallest number, whose square 638'269696' ends in '269696' There is no such smallest number before 1000000 whose square ends in '169696' 12236 is the smallest number, whose square 1497'19696' ends in '19696' 48 is the smallest number, whose square 23'04' ends in '04'
Swift
import Swift
for i in 2...Int.max {
if i * i % 1000000 == 269696 {
print(i, "is the smallest number that ends with 269696")
break
}
}
- Output:
25264 is the smallest number that ends with 269696
Tcl
Hope Mr Babbage can understand this one-liner...
for {set i 1} {![string match *269696 [expr $i*$i]]} {incr i} {}
puts "$i squared is [expr $i*$i]"
25264 squared is 638269696
Scalable version
I have added some comments to the code, but left out a Tcl tutorial.
# The last k digits of a square x**2 are determined by the last k digits of
## the number x, and independent of all higher digits.
## We search for possible endings (suffixes) of x from the right, and extend
## by one digit in each step. That way we think to have an algorithm,
## which scales very well to really long suffixes.
## Also, when there is no solution, we detect that and terminate orderly.
namespace path {::tcl::mathop} ;# commands like: + - *
interp alias {} LEN {} string length
## Normalize a string (of digits) as (decimal) number.
## Tcl still thinks, numbers starting with "0" are meant octal (base 8).
## We do not even have a qualifying prefix like "0d".
## Here we just handle such leading zeroes.
proc normNumber {str} {
set str [string trimleft $str 0] ;# drop all leading zeroes
if {$str eq ""} { ;# if string is completely empty
set str "0" ;# we leave a single zero digit
}
return $str
}
## If possible, cuts off some left part of $str to yield a suffix
## of at most length $wantlen.
proc cutSuff {str wantlen} {
set havelen [LEN $str]
set toskip [- $havelen $wantlen]
return [string range $str $toskip end] ;# treats negative $toskip as 0
}
## We have some numeric suffix string $str, and we need it for
## the specified length $wantlen, either by taking a shorter suffix,
## or by filling up with zeroes at the left.
proc numToExactSuffLen {str wantlen} {
set havelen [LEN $str]
if {$havelen > $wantlen} { ;# cut down in length
set toskip [expr {$havelen - $wantlen}]
return [string range $str $toskip end]
} elseif {$havelen < $wantlen} { ;# pad zeroes at left end
set topad [expr {$wantlen - $havelen}]
return "[string repeat "0" $topad]$str"
}
return $str
}
## Compute the square of a number, given as a string
proc stringSquare {str} {
set numstr [normNumber $str] ;# make proper number from string
return [* $numstr $numstr] ;# square the number
}
## We search for a square that has suffix $totend.
## So far we have constructed suffixes of some (small) length k,
## which produce squares with a suitable suffix to match $totend
## in the last k digits. These suffixes are collected in list $sofar.
## We compute the list of suffix candidates with length 1 greater.
proc nextList {totsuff sofar} {
## Determine the length $olen of the members in list $sofar.
if {[llength $sofar]} { ;# has elements
set olen [LEN [lindex $sofar 0]] ;# check out first element
} else {
set olen 0 ;# empty list
}
## Determine $nlen, the new length we want to contruct suffixes for.
set nlen [+ 1 $olen] ;# we prepend 1 digit
## Determine the suffix we have to construct here, i.e.
## $totsuff reduced to the length we construct, here.
if {$nlen <= [LEN $totsuff]} {
set wantsuff [cutSuff $totsuff $nlen]
} else {
## We do not have enough input (from $totsuff) to further limit
## the squares of constructed numbers. All possible left
## extensions will do. This can happen e.g. for $totsuff = ""
set wantsuff $totsuff ;# that all we need to match
}
set wantlen [LEN $wantsuff]
## We are going to construct all suffixes one longer as those
## in list $sofar, by prepending all decimal digits.
set res {} ;# resulting list of new suffixes
foreach d {0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9} {
foreach e $sofar {
set cand $d$e
## Now we need to know the ending of the square of $cand,
## We take care that $cand may be not noprmalized.
set sq [stringSquare $cand] ;# square it
incr ::didSqs ;# count this squaring
## Check for a solution for our new suffix list
if {$wantsuff eq [numToExactSuffLen $sq $wantlen]} {
lappend res $cand
}
## Check for a solution for the final job: the suffix of $sq
## must match, and $cand must be a positive number.
if {[string match *$totsuff $sq] && ($d > 0)} {
lappend ::sols $cand
puts "(sol after $::didSqs squarings: $cand)"
}
}
}
return $res
}
set ::didSqs 0 ;# count squarings
proc searchSquareSuff {totsuff} {
set ::sols {} ;# not yet collected any solution
set sufflist [list ""] ;# just the empty suffix: 1-elem list
set maxsufflen [+ 1 [LEN $totsuff]]
for {set sufflen 1} {$sufflen <= $maxsufflen} {incr sufflen} {
set sufflist [ nextList $totsuff $sufflist ]
set elems [llength $sufflist]
if {0 == $elems} {
break
}
if {[llength $::sols]} {
set sol [normNumber [lindex $::sols 0]]
puts ""
puts "Smallest number with suffix $totsuff is $sol"
puts " since its square is [* $sol $sol]."
if {1 < [llength $::sols]} {
puts "More solutions: [lrange $::sols 1 end]"
}
break
}
## Without any solution so far, we show the suffix list.
## It is the basis for further computations, and could be checked.
puts " List of suffixes of length $sufflen has $elems elements:"
puts " {$sufflist}"
}
if {![llength $::sols]} {
puts ""
puts "No solution for $totsuff"
}
}
if {[llength $::argv]} {
foreach a $::argv {
searchSquareSuff $a
}
} else {
searchSquareSuff 269696
}
puts "(did $::didSqs squarings upto now)"
## You may want to try 08315917380318501319044 for solution 9999999156746824862
- Output:
List of suffixes of length 1 has 2 elements: {4 6} List of suffixes of length 2 has 4 elements: {14 36 64 86} List of suffixes of length 3 has 4 elements: {236 264 736 764} List of suffixes of length 4 has 8 elements: {0264 2236 2764 4736 5264 7236 7764 9736} (sol after 131 squarings: 25264) (sol after 190 squarings: 99736) Smallest number with suffix 269696 is 25264 since its square is 638269696. More solutions: 99736 (did 190 squarings upto now)
TI-83 BASIC
In 1996 was manufactured the TI-83, a handheld graphing calculators with a basic language called TI-83 Basic. The language is small and neat. For example to store 500 into a variable, it is done without twisting the meaning in mathematics of the equal sign (=).
536→N
Do not be attracted by brute force, let's do some basic maths:
As
N²=1000000·A+269696
269696=27×72×43
1000000=26×56
269696 mod 64 = 0 & 1000000 mod 64 = 0 ⇒ N² mod 64 = 0 ⇒ N mod 8 = 0
√ 269696 =519.32 => N≥520
520=8×5×13
528=16×3×11
536=8×67
N must ends by 4 or 6 ⇒ N≥536
So, Lord Babbage here is your program:
536→N
While remainder(N*N,1000000)≠269696
i+8→N
End
Disp N
And within a minute you have the answer:
- Output:
25264 Done
And you can check the square:
- Input:
25264²
- Output:
638269696
Tiny Craft Basic
10 print "calculating..."
20 let n = 2
30 rem do
40 let n = n + 2
50 if (n ^ 2) % 1000000 <> 269696 then 30
60 print "The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is: ", n
70 print "It's square is ", n * n
Transd
#lang transd
MainModule : {
rem: 269696,
_start: (lambda
(with n (to-Int (sqrt rem))
(while (neq (mod (pow n 2) 1000000) rem) (+= n 1))
(lout n)
) )
}
- Output:
25264
UNIX Shell
# Program to determine the smallest positive integer whose square
# has a decimal representation ending in the digits 269,696.
# Start with the smallest positive integer of them all
let trial_value=1
# Compute the remainder when the square of the current trial value is divided
# by 1,000,000.␣
while (( trial_value * trial_value % 1000000 != 269696 )); do
# As long as this value is not yet 269,696, increment
# our trial integer and try again.
let trial_value=trial_value+1
done
# To get here we must have found an integer whose square meets the
# condition; display that final result
echo $trial_value
- Output:
25264
Efficient version, pen-and-pencil method
The simple method above requires more than 20000 multiplications and would run days on Babbage's Analytical Engine (AE), if he would have managed to build such a machine.
As he had found a solution with pen and paper, and would have programmed the AE correspondingly, the following solution could have been used on the AE.
It should run on any shell, including the original Bourne Shell, if the arithmetic expressions are replaced by "expr".
#!/bin/dash
# Babbage problem:
# What is the smallest (positive) integer whose square ends in the digits 269,696?
#
# He found the second to smallest number (99736 instead of 25264) using pencil and paper,
# and would not have wasted hours of computing time on his (planned) Analytical Engine (AE).
#
# As most human computers know, a square must end in 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9.
# because the squares of 0 to 9 end in 0, 1, 4, 9, 6, 5, 6, 9, 4, 1.
# Thus, the result must have the last digits 14 or 16 in the above case.
#
# So the algorithm starts with the set {0} and an increment of 1,
# squaring all numbers of 0+i, and keeping only those that have
# the correct end digit.
# Then, the new i is 10*i, and a new set of two digit endings
# created from the old set of one digit endings, and so on.
#
# As the AE did not have arrays or the like, the sets must be punched
# on cards and read in for the next round.
# The classical (original) Bourne Shell did not have arrays,
# so you may use this script on very old machines, if 'expr' is used
# instead of arithmetic expansion.
# And so his script works with 'dash', the standard command interpreter
# for non-interactive use.
#
# To prove the speed, try 1234554321 instead of 269696,
# the practicall immedidate answer should be 1250061111,
# while the simple method will take hours.
#
# Note that this method will stop if there is no solution,
# while the simple method continues endlessly.
# filename for workfile(s)
wrk=$(basename $0 .sh).data
# set $e to desired ending. Leading zeroes are ignored.
e=${1:-269696}
# set the modulus $m to the power of 10 above $e
m=1
while test $m -le $e
do m=$((m*10))
done
# $a is number to add in each round (power of 10)
a=1
# first workfile contains just the number 0
echo 0 >$wrk
# test all workfile numbers with another digit in front
while test $a -lt $m # until the increment excees the modulus
do mm=$((a*10)) # modulus in this round
ee=$((e % mm)) # ending in this round
cat $wrk | # numbers from current workfile
while read x
do y=$x # first number to test is the number read
while test $y -le $((x+mm-1))
do z=$(($y * $y)) # calculate the square
z=$(($z % $mm)) # ending in this round
if test $z -eq $ee
then echo $y # candidate for next round
fi
y=$(($y + $a)) # advance leftmost digit
done
done >$wrk.new # create new workfile
# next round
a=$((a*10)) # another leftmost digit
mv $wrk.new $wrk # cycle workfiles
done
# find each number in the last workfile if x*x mod m = e
# ending in $e and modulus in $m
cat $wrk | # numbers from last workfile
while read x
do y=$(($x * $x)) # check
y=$(($y % $m))
if test $y -eq $e
then echo $x # solution found
fi
done |
sort -n | # numbers in ascending order
head -n 1 # show only smallest
- Output:
$ sh babbage.sh 25264 $ sh babbage.sh 1234554321 1250061111
UTFool
···
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Babbage_problem
···
■ BabbageProblem
§ static
▶ main
• args⦂ String[]
for each number from √269696 up to √Integer.MAX_VALUE
if ("⸨number × number⸩").endsWith "269696"
System.exit number
VAX Assembly
36 35 34 33 32 31 00000008'010E0000' 0000 1 result: .ascid "123456" ;output buffer
0000 000E 2 retlen: .word 0 ;$fao_s bytes written
4C 55 21 00000018'010E0000' 0010 3 format: .ascid "!UL" ;unsigned decimal
001B 4
0000 001B 5 .entry bab,0
55 D4 001D 6 clrl r5 ;result
001F 7 10$:
55 D6 001F 8 incl r5
56 00 55 55 7A 0021 9 emul r5,r5,#0,r6 ;mulr.rl, muld.rl, add.rl, prod.wq
51 50 56 000F4240 8F 7B 0026 10 ediv #1000000,r6,r0,r1 ;divr.rl, divd.rq, quo.wl, rem.wl
51 00041D80 8F D1 002F 11 cmpl #269696,r1
E7 12 0036 12 bneq 10$ ;not equal - try next
0038 13
0038 14 $fao_s - ;convert integer to text
0038 15 ctrstr = format, -
0038 16 outlen = retlen, -
0038 17 outbuf = result, -
0038 18 p1 = r5
B1 AF C1 AF B0 004A 19 movw retlen, result ;adjust length
AE AF 7F 004F 20 pushaq result
00000000'GF 01 FB 0052 21 calls #1, g^lib$put_output
04 0059 22 ret
005A 23 .end bab
$ run bab
25264
VBA
Sub Baggage_Problem()
Dim i As Long
'We can start at the square root of 269696
i = 520
'269696 is a multiple of 4, 520 too
'so we can increment i by 4
Do While ((i * i) Mod 1000000) <> 269696
i = i + 4 'Increment by 4
Loop
Debug.Print "The smallest positive integer whose square ends in the digits 269 696 is : " & i & vbCrLf & _
"Its square is : " & i * i
End Sub
The smallest positive integer whose square ends in the digits 269 696 is : 25264 Its square is : 638269696
VBScript
'Sir, this is a script that could solve your problem.
'Lines that begin with the apostrophe are comments. The machine ignores them.
'The next line declares a variable n and sets it to 0. Note that the
'equals sign "assigns", not just "relates". So in here, this is more
'of a command, rather than just a mere proposition.
n = 0
'Starting from the initial value, which is 0, n is being incremented
'by 1 while its square, n * n (* means multiplication) does not have
'a modulo of 269696 when divided by one million. This means that the
'loop will stop when the smallest positive integer whose square ends
'in 269696 is found and stored in n. Before I forget, "<>" basically
'means "not equal to".
Do While ((n * n) Mod 1000000) <> 269696
n = n + 1 'Increment by 1.
Loop
'The function "WScript.Echo" displays the string to the monitor. The
'ampersand concatenates strings or variables to be displayed.
WScript.Echo("The smallest positive integer whose square ends in 269696 is " & n & ".")
WScript.Echo("Its square is " & n*n & ".")
'End of Program.
- Output:
The smallest positive integer whose square ends in 269696 is 25264. Its square is 638269696.
Vedit macro language
// Vedit Macro Language stores numerical values in numeric registers,
// referred as #0 to #255.
// Check all positive integer values until the required value found
for (#1 = 1; #1 < MAXNUM; #1++) {
#2 = #1 * #1 // #2 = square of the value
// The operator % is the modulo operator (the remainder of division).
// Modulo 1000000 gives the last 6 digits of a value.
#3 = #2 % 1000000
if (#3 == 269696) {
break // We found it, lets stop here
}
}
if (#1 < MAXNUM) {
Message("The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is ", NOCR)
Num_Type(#1)
Message("The square is ", NOCR)
Num_Type(#2)
} else {
Message("Condition not satisfied before MAXNUM reached.)
}
- Output:
The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is 25264 The square is 638269696
Verilog
module main;
real n;
initial begin
while (((n**2) % 1000000) != 269696) n=n+2;
$display("The smallest number whose square ends in 269696 is ", n);
$display("It's square is ", n*n);
end
endmodule
Visual Basic .NET
Module Module1
Function Right6Digits(num As Long) As Long
Dim asString = num.ToString()
If asString.Length < 6 Then
Return num
End If
Dim last6 = asString.Substring(asString.Length - 6)
Return Long.Parse(last6)
End Function
Sub Main()
Dim bnSq = 0 'the base number squared
Dim bn = 0 'the number to be squared
Do
bn = bn + 1
bnSq = bn * bn
Loop While Right6Digits(bnSq) <> 269696
Console.WriteLine("The smallest integer whose square ends in 269,696 is {0}", bn)
Console.WriteLine("The square is {0}", bnSq)
End Sub
End Module
- Output:
The smallest integer whose square ends in 269,696 is 25264 The square is 638269696
V (Vlang)
const (
target = 269696
modulus = 1000000
)
fn main() {
for n := 1; ; n++ { // Repeat with n=1, n=2, n=3, ...
square := n * n
ending := square % modulus
if ending == target {
println("The smallest number whose square ends with $target is $n")
return
}
}
}
- Output:
The smallest number whose square ends with 269696 is 25264
Wren
/*
The answer must be an even number and it can't be less than the square root of 269,696.
So, if we start from that, keep on adding 2 and squaring it we'll eventually find the answer.
However, we can skip numbers which don't end in 4 or 6 as their squares can't end in 6.
*/
import "/fmt" for Fmt // this enables us to format numbers with thousand separators
var start = 269696.sqrt.ceil // get the next integer higher than (or equal to) the square root
start = (start/2).ceil * 2 // if it's odd, use the next even integer
var i = start // assign it to a variable 'i' for use in the following loop
while (true) { // loop indefinitely till we find the answer
var sq = i * i // get the square of 'i'
var last6 = sq % 1000000 // get its last 6 digits by taking the remainder after division by a million
if (last6 == 269696) { // if those digits are 269696, we're done and can print the result
Fmt.print("The lowest number whose square ends in 269,696 is $,d.", i)
Fmt.print("Its square is $,d.", sq)
break // break from the loop and end the program
}
if (i % 10 == 6) { // get the last digit by taking the remainder after division by 10
i = i + 8 // if the last digit is 6 add 8 (to end in 4)
} else {
i = i + 2 // otherwise add 2
}
}
- Output:
The lowest number whose square ends in 269,696 is 25,264. Its square is 638,269,696.
x86 Assembly
AT&T syntax
# What is the lowest number whose square ends in 269,696?
# At the very end, when we have a result and we need to print it, we shall use for the purpose a program called PRINTF, which forms part of a library of similar utility programs that are provided for us. The codes given here will be needed at that point to tell PRINTF that we are asking it to print a decimal integer (as opposed to, for instance, text):
.data
decin: .string "%d\n\0"
# This marks the beginning of our program proper:
.text
.global main
main:
# We shall test numbers from 1 upwards to see whether their squares leave a remainder of 269,696 when divided by a million.
# We shall be making use of four machine 'registers', called EAX, EBX, ECX, and EDX. Each can hold one integer.
# Move the number 1,000,000 into EBX:
mov $1000000, %ebx
# The numbers we are testing will be stored in ECX. We start by moving a 1 there:
mov $1, %ecx
# Now we need to test whether the number satisfies our requirements. We shall want the computer to come back and repeat this sequence of instructions for each successive integer until we have found the answer, so we put a label ('next') to which we can refer.
next:
# We move (in fact copy) the number stored in ECX into EAX, where we shall be able to perform some calculations upon it without disturbing the original:
mov %ecx, %eax
# Multiply the number in EAX by itself:
mul %eax
# Divide the number in EAX (now the square of the number in ECX) by the number in EBX (one million). The quotient -- for which we have no use -- will be placed in EAX, and the remainder in EDX:
idiv %ebx
# Compare the number in EDX with 269,696. If they are equal, jump ahead to the label 'done':
cmp $269696, %edx
je done
# Otherwise, increment the number in ECX and jump back to the label 'next':
inc %ecx
jmp next
# If we get to the label 'done', it means the answer is in ECX.
done:
# Put a reference to the codes for PRINTF into EAX:
lea decin, %eax
# Now copy the number in ECX, which is our answer, into an area of temporary storage where PRINTF will expect to find it:
push %ecx
# Do the same with EAX -- giving the code for 'decimal integer' -- and then call PRINTF to print the answer:
push %eax
call printf
# The pieces of information we provided to PRINTF are still taking up some temporary storage. They are no longer needed, so make that space available again:
add $8, %esp
# Place the number 0 in EAX -- a conventional way of indicating that the program has finished correctly -- and return control to whichever program called this one:
mov $0, %eax
ret
# The end.
- Output:
25264
XLISP
; The computer will evaluate expressions written in -- possibly nested -- parentheses, where the first symbol gives the operation and any subsequent symbols or numbers give the operands.
; For instance, (+ (+ 2 2) (- 7 5)) evaluates to 6.
; We define our problem as a function:
(define (try n)
; We are looking for a value of n that leaves 269,696 as the remainder when its square is divided by a million.
; The symbol * stands for multiplication.
(if (= (remainder (* n n) 1000000) 269696)
; If this condition is met, the function should give us the value of n:
n
; If not, it should try n+1:
(try (+ n 1))))
; We supply our function with 1 as an initial value to test, and ask the computer to print the final result.
(print (try 1))
- Output:
25264
XPL0
Some preliminary tests show that the number to be squared (N) must end with 4 or 6 to get N^2 ending with 6. Additional tests show N must end 236, 264, 736 or 764. This leaves only 100 tests to determine the final number, which could be done by hand.
int N, C, R;
[C:= 0;
for N:= sqrt(269696) to -1>>1 do \to infinity (2^31-1)
if rem(N/10)=4 or rem(N/10)=6 then \must end 6: 4^2=16; 6^2=36
[R:= rem(N/100);
if R=14 or R=36 or R=64 or R=86 then \14^2=196, etc.
[R:= rem(N/1000);
if R=236 or R=264 or R=736 or R=764 then \236^2=55696, etc.
[C:= C+1; \count remaining tests
if rem(N*N/1_000_000) = 269_696 then
[IntOut(0, N);
Text(0, "^^2 = ");
IntOut(0, N*N);
CrLf(0);
IntOut(0, C);
CrLf(0);
exit;
];
];
];
];
]
- Output:
25264^2 = 638269696 100
Yabasic
// Charles Babbage habría sabido que solo un número que termina en 4 o 6
// podría producir un cuadrado que termina en 6, y cualquier número por
// debajo de 520 produciría un cuadrado menor que 269696. Podemos detenernos
// cuando hayamos alcanzado 99736, sabemos que es cuadrado y termina en 269696.
number = 524 // primer numero a probar
repeat
number = number + 2
until mod((number ^ 2), 1000000) = 269696
print "El menor numero cuyo cuadrado termina en 269696 es: ", number
print "Y su cuadrado es: ", number*number
- Output:
El menor numero cuyo cuadrado termina en 269696 es: 25264 Y su cuadrado es: 638269696
zkl
// The magic number is 269696, so, starting about its square root,
// find the first integer that, when squared, its last six digits are the magic number.
// The last digits are found with modulo, represented here by the % symbol
const N=269696; [500..].filter1(fcn(n){ n*n%0d1_000_000 == N })
- Output:
25264
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