Logical operations: Difference between revisions
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<lang slate>{#/\. #\/. #not} do: [ |:func| |
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func arity = 1 ifTrue: [inform: 'True ' ; (func as: String) ; ' = ' ; (func sendTo: {True}) printString. |
func arity = 1 ifTrue: [inform: 'True ' ; (func as: String) ; ' = ' ; (func sendTo: {True}) printString. |
Revision as of 03:39, 26 January 2010
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Basic Data Operation
This is a basic data operation. It represents a fundamental action on a basic data type.
You may see other such operations in the Basic Data Operations category, or:
Integer Operations
Arithmetic |
Comparison
Boolean Operations
Bitwise |
Logical
String Operations
Concatenation |
Interpolation |
Comparison |
Matching
Memory Operations
Pointers & references |
Addresses
Write a function that takes two logical (boolean) values, and outputs the result of "and" and "or" on both arguments as well as "not" on the first arguments. If the programming language doesn't provide a separate type for logical values, use the type most commonly used for that purpose.
If the language supports additional logical operations on booleans such as XOR, list them as well.
Ada
I have also included logical xor because it is defined for Ada boolean types. All the operators below work equally well on arrays of boolean types. In fact, a packed array of boolean is an array of bits, providing a direct link between logical and bitwise operations.
<lang ada>procedure Print_Logic(A : Boolean; B : Boolean) is begin
Put_Line("A and B is " & Boolean'Image(A and B)); Put_Line("A or B is " & Boolean'Image(A or B)); Put_Line("A xor B is " & Boolean'Image(A xor B)); Put_Line("not A is " & Boolean'Image(not A));
end Print_Logic;</lang>
ALGOL 68
<lang algol68>PROC print_logic = (BOOL a, b)VOID: (
- for a 6-7 bit/byte compiler #
printf(($"a and b is "gl$, a AND b); printf(($"a or b is "gl$, a OR b); printf(($"not a is "gl$, NOT a); printf(($"a equivalent to b is "gl$, a EQ b); printf(($"a not equivalent to b is "gl$, a NE b);
- Alternatively ASCII #
printf(($"a and b is "gl$, a & b); printf(($"a and b is "gl$, a /\ b); printf(($"a or b is "gl$, a \/ b); printf(($"a equivalent to b "gl$, a = b); printf(($"a not equivalent to b "gl$, a /= b);
¢ for a European 8 bit/byte charcter set eg. ALCOR or GOST ¢
printf(($"a and b is "gl$, a ∧ b); printf(($"a or b is "gl$, a ∨ b); printf(($"not a is "gl$, ¬ a) printf(($"a not equivalent to b is "gl$, a ≠ b)
)</lang>
AutoHotkey
<lang AutoHotkey>a = 1 b = 0 msgbox % "a and b is " . (a && b) msgbox % "a or b is " . (a || b) msgbox % "not a is " . (!a)</lang>
AWK
<lang awk>$ awk '{print "and:"($1&&$2),"or:"($1||$2),"not:"!$1}' 0 0 and:0 or:0 not:1 0 1 and:0 or:1 not:1 1 0 and:0 or:1 not:0 1 1 and:1 or:1 not:0</lang>
BASIC
SUB logic (a%, b%) 'no booleans in BASIC...these are integers. 1 for true 0 for false. PRINT a AND b PRINT a OR b PRINT NOT a END SUB
C
<lang c>void print_logic(int a, int b) {
printf("a and b is %d\n", a && b); printf("a or b is %d\n", a || b); printf("not a is %d\n", !a);
}</lang>
C++
<lang cpp>void print_logic(bool a, bool b) {
std::cout << std::boolalpha; // so that bools are written as "true" and "false" std::cout << "a and b is " << (a && b) << "\n"; std::cout << "a or b is " << (a || b) << "\n"; std::cout << "not a is " << (!a) << "\n";
}</lang>
ColdFusion
<lang cfm><cffunction name = "logic" hint = "Performs basic logical operations">
<cfargument name = "a" required = "yes" type = "boolean" /> <cfargument name = "a" required = "yes" type = "boolean" /> <cfoutput> 'A' AND 'B' is #a AND b#< br /> 'A' OR 'B' is #a OR b#< br /> NOT 'A' is #!a# </cfoutput>
</cffunction></lang>
Common Lisp
<lang lisp>(defun logic (a b)
(print "a and b is") (write (and a b)) (print "a or b is" ) (write (or a b)) (print "not a is" ) (write (not a)))</lang>
D
<lang d>module andOr ; import std.stdio ;
void logic(T,U)(T lhs, U rhs){
writefln("'%s' is of type '%s', '%s' is of type '%s';", lhs,typeid(typeof(lhs)), rhs,typeid(typeof(rhs))) ; writefln("\t'%s' AND '%s' is %s, ", lhs, rhs, lhs && rhs) ; writefln("\t'%s' OR '%s' is %s, ", lhs, rhs, lhs || rhs) ; writefln("\tNOT '%s' is %s.\n", lhs, !lhs) ;
}
class C {int value ; }
void main() {
bool theTruth = true ; bool theLie = false ; real zeroReal = 0.0L ; real NaN ; // D init. float type to NaN ; int zeroInt = 0 ; real[] nullArr = null ; string emptyStr = "" ; string nullStr = null ; C someC = new C ; C nullC = null ;
//Note: Struct is value type in D, but composite so no default bool equivalent
logic(theTruth, theLie) ; logic(zeroReal, NaN) ; logic(zeroInt, nullArr) ; logic(nullStr, emptyStr) ; logic(someC, nullC) ;
}</lang>
E
<lang e>def logicalOperations(a :boolean, b :boolean) {
return ["and" => a & b, "or" => a | b, "not" => !a, "xor" => a ^ b]
}</lang>
Each of these is a method on boolean objects; the above is precisely equivalent to:
<lang e>def logicalOperations(a :boolean, b :boolean) {
return ["and" => a.and(b), "or" => a.or(b), "not" => a.not(), "xor" => a.xor(b)]
}</lang>
If the :boolean
guards were removed, these operations would also work on other types, such as sets (& is union and | is intersection; not
is not supported).
Erlang
<lang Erlang>1> true and false. false 2> false or true. true 3> true xor false. true 4> not false. true 5> not (true and true). false</lang>
Factor
<lang factor>: logical-operators ( a b -- )
{ [ "xor is: " write xor . ] [ "and is: " write and . ] [ "or is: " write or . ] [ "not is: " write drop not . ] } 2cleave ;</lang>
FALSE
FALSE uses zero/non-zero for testing False and True. Comparison operators return -1 for True and 0 for False, which work with bitwise operators for logical operations. <lang false>1 3=~["unequal, "]? 1 1= 1_=["true is -1, "]? 0~["false is 0, "]? 'm$'a>'z@>&["a < m < z"]?</lang>
Forth
Forth can use bitwise operators if the boolean values are well formed: TRUE (-1) and FALSE (0). 0<> converts an ill-formed flag (zero/non-zero) to a well-formed flag (false/true). <lang forth>: .bool ( ? -- ) if ." true" else ." false" then ;
- logic ( a b -- ) 0<> swap 0<> swap
cr ." a = " over .bool ." b = " dup .bool cr ." a and b = " 2dup and .bool cr ." a or b = " over or .bool cr ." not a = " 0= .bool ;</lang>
Fortran
In ANSI FORTRAN 66 or later, use LOGICAL data type: <lang fortran> SUBROUTINE PRNLOG(A, B)
LOGICAL A, B PRINT *, 'a and b is ', A .AND. B PRINT *, 'a or b is ', A .OR. B PRINT *, 'not a is ', .NOT. A
C You did not ask, but the following logical operators are also standard C since ANSI FORTRAN 66 C =======================================================================
C This yields the same results as .EQ., but has lower operator precedence C and only works with LOGICAL operands:
PRINT *, 'a equivalent to b is ', A .EQV. B
C This yields the same results as .NE., but has lower operator precedence C and only works with LOGICAL operands (this operation is also commonly C called "exclusive or"):
PRINT *, 'a not equivalent to b is ', A .NEQV. B END</lang>
Groovy
<lang groovy>def logical = { a, b ->
println """
a AND b = ${a} && ${b} = ${a & b} a OR b = ${a} || ${b} = ${a | b} NOT a = ! ${a} = ${! a} a XOR b = ${a} != ${b} = ${a != b} a EQV b = ${a} == ${b} = ${a == b} """ }</lang>
Program: <lang groovy>logical(true, true) logical(true, false) logical(false, false) logical(false, true)</lang>
Output:
a AND b = true && true = true a OR b = true || true = true NOT a = ! true = false a XOR b = true != true = false a EQV b = true == true = true a AND b = true && false = false a OR b = true || false = true NOT a = ! true = false a XOR b = true != false = true a EQV b = true == false = false a AND b = false && false = false a OR b = false || false = false NOT a = ! false = true a XOR b = false != false = false a EQV b = false == false = true a AND b = false && true = false a OR b = false || true = true NOT a = ! false = true a XOR b = false != true = true a EQV b = false == true = false
Haskell
Instead of a function and printing, which is unidiomatic for Haskell, here are the operations in the same style as in Bitwise operations:
<lang haskell>a = False b = True
a_and_b = a && b a_or_b = a || b not_a = not a</lang>
Io
<lang io>printLogic := method(a,b,
writeln("a and b is ", a and b) writeln("a or b is ", a or b) writeln("not a is ", a not)
)</lang>
J
J uses 0 for logical false and 1 for logical true. <lang j> aon=: *. , +. , -.@[</lang> The verb defined above is unidiomatic in that when arrays are provided as arguments the results don't seem useful. Definition as seen in the Haskell example would be more natural.
Additional primary logical operators are *:
(not-and), +:
(not-or), ~:
(exclusive-or).
An example more closely following the others on this page (J is interactive so indented lines are user-entered and lines flush left are system outputs): <lang j>and=: *.
or=: +. not=: -. a=. 0 0 1 1 NB. Work on vectors to show all possible b=. 0 1 0 1 NB. 2-bit combos at once. (a and b),(a or b),:not a
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0</lang>
Java
<lang java>public static void logic(boolean a, boolean b){
System.out.println("a AND b: " + (a && b)); System.out.println("a OR b: " + (a || b)); System.out.println("NOT a: " + (!a));
}</lang>
Additionally, ^ is used for XOR and == is used for "equal to" (a.k.a. bidirectional implication).
JavaScript
<lang javascript>function logic(a,b) {
print("a AND b: " + (a && b)); print("a OR b: " + (a || b)); print("NOT a: " + (!a));
}</lang>
Logo
The boolean literals are used as words ("true and "false) when used in a program. <lang logo>to logic :a :b
(print [a AND b =] and :a :b) (print [a OR b =] or :a :b) (print [NOT a =] not :a)
end</lang>
AND and OR may have arity greater than two if used in parentheses (and :a :b :c).
Lua
<lang lua> function logic(a,b)
return a and b, a or b, not a
end </lang>
M4
<lang m4>define(`logical',
`and($1,$2)=eval($1&&$2) or($1,$2)=eval($1||$2) not($1)=eval(!$1)')
logical(1,0)</lang>
Output:
and(1,0)=0 or(1,0)=1 not(1)=0
Mathematica
<lang Mathematica>And[a,b,...] Or[a,b,...] Not[a]</lang> And can also be given using the infix operator &&, Or can also be used using the infix operator ||. Not[a] can also be written as !a. Furthermore Mathematica supports: <lang Mathematica>Xor[a, b,...] Nand[a, b,...] Nor[a, b,...] Xnor[a, b,...]</lang> Note that the functions are not restricted to 2 arguments; any number of arguments are allowed (except for the function Not). All these functions can also be used with infix operators, the characters for that are: \[Xor], \[Nand], \[Nor], and \[Xnor]. Or by typing [escape] [name boolean operator] [escape].
MAXScript
<lang maxscript>fn printLogic a b = (
format "a and b is %\n" (a and b) format "a or b is %\n" (a or b) format "not a is %\n" (not a)
)</lang>
Metafont
<lang metafont>def tf(expr a) = if a: "true" else: "false" fi enddef; def test(expr a, b) =
for o = "and", "or": message tf(a) & " " & o & " " & tf(b); show a scantokens(o) b; endfor message "not " & tf(a); show not a enddef;</lang>
<lang metafont>test(true, true); test(false, false); test(true, false); test(false, true); end</lang>
Modula-3
<lang modula3>MODULE Logical EXPORTS Main;
FROM IO IMPORT Put; FROM Fmt IMPORT Bool;
PROCEDURE Test(a, b: BOOLEAN) =
BEGIN Put("a AND b is " & Bool(a AND b) & "\n"); Put("a OR b is " & Bool(a OR b) & "\n"); Put("NOT a is " & Bool(NOT a) & "\n"); END Test;
BEGIN
Test(TRUE, FALSE);
END Logical.</lang>
OCaml
<lang ocaml>let print_logic a b =
Printf.printf "a and b is %B\n" (a && b); Printf.printf "a or b is %B\n" (a || b); Printf.printf "not a is %B\n" (not a)</lang>
Octave
<lang octave>function test(a, b)
s1 = num2str(a); s2 = num2str(b); disp(strcat(s1, " and ", s2, " = ", num2str(a&&b))); disp(strcat(s1, " or ", s2, " = ", num2str(a||b))); disp(strcat("not ", s1, " = ", num2str(!a)));
endfunction
% constant true is 1, false is 0 test(true, true); test(false, false); test(true, false); test(false, true);</lang>
Oz
<lang oz>proc {PrintLogic A B}
%% using not short-circuiting standard library functions {Show {And A B}} {Show {Or A B}} {Show {Not A}}
%% using short-circuiting keywords {Show A andthen B} {Show A orelse B}
end</lang>
Pascal
<lang pascal>procedure printlogic(a, b: boolean);
begin writeln('a and b is ', a and b); writeln('a or b is ', a or b); writeln('not a is', not a); end;</lang>
Perl
<lang perl>sub show_bool {
return shift() ? 'true' : 'false', "\n";
}
sub test_logic {
my ($a, $b) = @_; print "a and b is ", show_bool $a && $b; print "a or b is ", show_bool $a || $b; print "not a is ", show_bool !$a; print "a xor b is ", show_bool($a xor $b);
}</lang>
There are also and
, or
, and not
operators. These are just like &&
, ||
, and !
(respectively) except for their precedences, which are much lower.
Perl 6
As Perl 5. There's also a symbolic XOR operator, ^^
.
PHP
<lang php>function print_logic($a, $b) {
echo "a and b is ", $a && $b ? 'True' : 'False', "\n"; echo "a or b is ", $a || $b ? 'True' : 'False', "\n"; echo "not a is ", ! $a ? 'True' : 'False', "\n";
}</lang>
Pop11
<lang pop11>define print_logic(a, b);
printf(a and b, 'a and b is %p\n'); printf(a or b, 'a or b is %p\n'); printf(not(a), 'not a is %p\n');
enddefine;</lang>
Example usage is: <lang pop11>print_logic(true, false);</lang>
PowerShell
<lang powershell>function Test-Boolean ([bool] $a, [bool] $b) {
Write-Host "A and B: " ($a -and $b) Write-Host "A or B: " ($a -or $b) Write-Host "not A: " (-not $a) Write-Host "not A: " (!$a) Write-Host "A xor B: " ($a -xor $b)
}</lang>
Python
<lang python>def logic(a, b):
print 'a and b:', a and b print 'a or b:' , a or b print 'not a:' , not a</lang>
Note: Any normal object can be treated as a Boolean in Python. Numeric objects which evaluate to any non-zero value are "True" otherwise they are false. Non-empty strings, lists, tuples and other sequences are "True" otherwise they are false. The pre-defined None object is also treated as "False." In Python 2.3 pre-defined objects named True and False were added to the language; prior to that it was a common convention to include a line: False, True = 0, 1 to use these as names. Custom classes which implement __nonzero__ or __len__ or some other special methods can be implicitly evaluated as Booleans based on those results.
R
<lang R>logic <- function(a, b) {
print(a && b) print(a || b) print(! a)
}
logic(TRUE, TRUE) logic(TRUE, FALSE) logic(FALSE, FALSE)</lang>
Ruby
<lang ruby>def logic(a, b)
print 'a and b: ', a && b, "\n" print 'a or b: ' , a || b, "\n" print 'not a: ' , !a , "\n"
end</lang>
and/or/not
are synonymous with &&/||/!
albeit with lower precedence.
Scheme
<lang scheme>(define (logic a b)
(display "a and b is ") (display (and a b)) (newline) (display "a or b is ") (display (or a b)) (newline) (display "not a is ") (display (not a)) (newline))</lang>
Seed7
<lang seed7>const proc: writeLogic (in boolean: a, in boolean: b) is func
begin writeln("a and b is " <& a and b); writeln("a or b is " <& a or b); writeln("not a is " <& not a); end func;</lang>
Slate
<lang slate>{#/\. #\/. #not} do: [ |:func|
func arity = 1 ifTrue: [inform: 'True ' ; (func as: String) ; ' = ' ; (func sendTo: {True}) printString. inform: 'False ' ; (func as: String) ; ' = ' ; (func sendTo: {False}) printString.].
func arity = 2 ifTrue: [{{True. True}. {True. False}. {False. True}. {False. False}} do: [ |:each| inform: each first printString ; (func as: String) ; each second printString ; ' = ' ; (func sendTo: each) printString]]
].</lang>
Output:
<lang slate>True/\True = True True/\False = False False/\True = False False/\False = False True\/True = True True\/False = True False\/True = True False\/False = False True not = False False not = True</lang>
Smalltalk
<lang smalltalk>|test| test := [ :a :b |
('%1 %2 %3 = %4' % { a. 'and'. b. (a & b) }) displayNl. ('%1 %2 %3 = %4' % { a. 'or'. b. (a | b) }) displayNl. ('%1 %2 = %3' % {'not'. a. (a not) }) displayNl
].
test value: true value: true. test value: false value: false. test value: true value: false. test value: false value: true.</lang>
Standard ML
<lang sml>fun print_logic (a, b) = (
print ("a and b is " ^ Bool.toString (a andalso b) ^ "\n"); print ("a or b is " ^ Bool.toString (a orelse b) ^ "\n"); print ("not a is " ^ Bool.toString (not a) ^ "\n")
)</lang>
Tcl
<lang tcl>proc logic {a b} {
puts "a and b: [expr {$a && $b}]" puts "a or b: [expr {$a || $b}]" puts "not a: [expr {!$a}]"
}</lang>
Toka
This is an adaption of the code from the Forth example. Toka provides TRUE/FALSE flags that are the same as the well-formed flags in Forth.
<lang toka>[ 0 <> [ ." true" ] [ ." false"] ifTrueFalse ] is .bool [ ( a b -- )
cr ." a = " over .bool ." b = " dup .bool cr ." a and b = " 2dup and .bool cr ." a or b = " over or .bool cr ." not a = " 0 = .bool
] is logic</lang>
V
Using stack shuffles.
<lang v>[mylogic
[get2 [dup] dip swap [dup] dip]. get2 and puts get2 or puts swap not puts pop ].</lang>
Using view. <lang v>[mylogic
[get2 [a b : a b a b] view]. get2 and puts get2 or puts swap not puts pop ].</lang>
Using internal defines
<lang v>[mylogic [a b] let
a b and puts a b or puts a not puts
].</lang>
Visual Basic .NET
<lang vbnet>Function Test(ByVal a As Boolean, ByVal b As Boolean)
Console.WriteLine("And " & a And b) Console.WriteLine("Or " & a Or b) Console.WriteLine("Not " & Not a) Console.WriteLine("Xor " & a Xor b) Console.WriteLine("And, short-circuited " & a AndAlso b) Console.WriteLine("Or, short-circuited " & a OrElse b)
End Function</lang>
XSLT
<lang xml><xsl:template name="logic">
<xsl:param name="a" select="true()"/> <xsl:param name="b" select="false()"/> <fo:block>a and b = <xsl:value-of select="$a and $b"/></fo:block> <fo:block>a or b = <xsl:value-of select="$a or $b"/></fo:block> <fo:block>not a = <xsl:value-of select="not($a)"/></fo:block></lang> </xsl:template>
- Programming Tasks
- Basic Data Operations
- Ada
- ALGOL 68
- AutoHotkey
- AWK
- BASIC
- C
- C++
- ColdFusion
- Common Lisp
- D
- E
- Erlang
- Factor
- FALSE
- Forth
- Fortran
- Groovy
- Haskell
- Io
- J
- Java
- JavaScript
- Logo
- Lua
- M4
- Mathematica
- MAXScript
- Metafont
- Modula-3
- OCaml
- Octave
- Oz
- Pascal
- Perl
- Perl 6
- PHP
- Pop11
- PowerShell
- Python
- R
- Ruby
- Scheme
- Seed7
- Slate
- Examples needing attention
- Smalltalk
- Standard ML
- Tcl
- Toka
- V
- Visual Basic .NET
- XSLT